So foods which have high water content can be very easily cooked like fresh vegetables. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. In addition, another study showed that significant psychiatric symptoms were observed in people who worked in these areas. Brain Res. 1999;75:44756. [40] also repeated the experiment only and found that radial-arm maze performance in rats remained unchanged. Phot J. 2013;73:4737. Cobb BL, Jauchem JR, Adair ER. 2003;140:147. Hear I can show the different strength of microwave technologies. Damage to learning abilities and reduction of glucose utilization in the limbic system of adult rats are closely linked [109]. Among the variety of neurotransmitters, glutamate is the most abundant endogenous amino acid in the mammalian central nervous system. 2015;91:42634. Alterations of cognitive function and 5-HT system in rats after long term microwave exposure. 2003;14:2436. Biochemical modifications and neuronal damage in brain of young and adult rats after long-term exposure to mobile phone radiations. With the popularity of microwave technology, microwave effects on the human body have become a common topic of concern, and the central nervous system is recognized as a target organ system that is sensitive to microwave radiation. frequency range from 1GHz to 10^6 GHz. Xu et al. Sage C, Carpenter D, Hardell L. Comments on SCENIHR: opinion on potential health effects of exposure to electromagnetic fields. Neuroreport. Is nuclear respiratory factor 2 a master transcriptional coordinator for all ten nuclear-encoded cytochrome c oxidase subunits in neurons? Previous studies have shown that in unexposed control rats, hippocampal neurons are aligned in neat rows in which the edges are clear, nuclei are clear, nucleoli can be observed, and pyramidal cells do not exhibit obvious necrosis. J Clin Oncol. This study also revealed the dose-dependent relationship of the modulated microwave effect: decreasing the SAR 100-fold reduced the associated changes in the EEG by three- to six-fold and decreased the number of affected subjects but did not completely eliminate the effects. Int J Hyg Environ Health. Joubert et al. PubMed PubMed Central Previous studies have produced a large amount of information, and some progress has been made in theory, but the mechanisms have not yet been fully determined, and many points are still disputed. LTP induction involves a signal transduction cascade that includes the release of glutamate from synaptic vesicles, activation of NMDAR at postsynaptic membranes, entry of Ca2+, and activation of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases (CaM kinases) II, IV and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) [71]. Low intensity microwave radiation induced oxidative stress, inflammatory response and DNA damage in rat brain. To determine the specific dose-effect relationship between microwave radiation and its biological effects, more intensive studies must be performed. Harmful effects of microwaves on living beings - SlideShare Quantitation, regional vulnerability, and kinetic modeling of brain glucose metabolism in mild Alzheimers disease. Thus, Cosquer et al. It influences both learning and memory in rats [67]. Synapses are special structures that are involved in the transmission of electrochemical signals between neurons in the central nervous system. static fields, health effects, human health, environmental effects, SCENIHR, Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks Opinion to be cited as: Nat Med. 2000;6:18793. [103] found that microwave radiation caused DNA single-strand and double-strand breaks in vivo in populations submitted to occupational exposure, and the incidence of micronuclei in lymphocytes was significantly increased. Microwave radiation can cause tissue damage by inducing localized microstructural damage to proteins [86, 87]. It has been shown that neurons are sensitive to reductions in the availability of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the main source of energy in mitochondria, which have been reported to be vulnerable to microwave radiation [118]. Recent advances in the effects of microwave radiation on brains, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-017-0139-0, Dysfunction of learning and memory abilities, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/. 2003;11:346. broad definition in terms of frequencies between. 2013;34:58998. The central nervous system, especially the hippocampus, is highly sensitive to microwave radiation [43, 44]. 2004;155:3743. Biomed Environ Sci. However, Li et al. To determine the precise dose-effect relationship between microwave radiation and its biological effects, further detailed studies must be performed. PubMed 2010;86:37683. 2005;130:591600. The visual reaction time and short-term memory of healthy male and female workers at a radar site with a frequency range of 218GHz was recorded with a simple blind computer-assisted-visual reaction time test or modified Wechsler Memory Scale test. At present, due to a general consensus that the most significant parameter for . However, in rats treated with long-term exposure to radiation, neurons exhibit edema and are arranged irregularly. Many adversarial effects on health causes by electromagnetic. [37] exposed male Wistar rats (1012weeks old) to a Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) (900/1800MHz) mobile phone that was in vibrating mode (i.e., no ring tone). 2014;53:22230. In epidemiology, there is no conclusive evidence showing that microwaves have carcinogenic effects. Brain Res. 2014;12:75. Article 2004;48:46624. [78] exposed differentiated astroglial cells that were cultured for 14days in vitro to either continuous 900MHz waves or 900MHz waves modulated in amplitude at 50Hz using a sinusoidal wave form and 100% modulation index for 5, 10, or 20min. biological effects of electromagnetic waves started to be discussed. J Radiat Proc. A large number of studies have shown that microwave radiation can cause a series of adverse reactions in the central nervous system, including sleep disorders in addition to learning and memory impairments. 2006;27:11926. Suppl Clin Neurophysiol. Investigation of Microwave Electromagnetic Fields in Open and Shielded Glucose is the main energy source and is closely related to brain neurotransmitters and cholesterol synthesis [106]. Resulting Effects on the Human Body. Whole-body exposure to 2.45 GHz electromagnetic fields does not alter 12-arm radial-maze with reduced access to spatial cues in rats. CAS Military Medical Research Effect of 900 MHz radio frequency radiation on beta amyloid protein, protein carbonyl, and malondialdehyde in the brain. [101] exposed rats to microwave radiation at frequencies of 0, 900, 1800 and 2450MHz (SARs: 0, 0.59, 0.58 and 0.66mW/kg, respectively) using a transverse electromagnetic cell for 2months for 2h/d, 5 d/week. ranging from as long as one meter to as short as one. Gold PE. Shahin found that regardless of whether exposure was long-term or short-term, 2.45GHz microwaves increased oxidative/nitrosative stress, which potentially led to apoptosis in hippocampal subfield neurons and non-neuronal cells as a result of p53-dependent/independent activation. 1996;93:46938. Thus, the committee suggested that in the future, studies should explore the border between thermal and non-thermal effects and that specific effects, such as triggering the onset of thermoregulatory reactions, should be defined. This conclusion is consistent with the results of a previously reported study that showed that short-term exposure to microwave radiation can reduce reaction times and improve cognitive functions, attention and short-term memory capacity [28,29,30,31,32,33,34]. The transduction of a nerve impulse and the postsynaptic potential produced by it result in synaptic transmission. 2006;165:63644. Int J Radiat Biol. Neuroreport. In 35% of cases, soldiers work in intermediate and hazardous zones and in 22%only in the intermediate zone. Mack et al. Neurobiol Learn Mem. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. The mechanism by which microwave radiation decreases glucose, resulting in impaired learning and memory in rats, may be related to an increase in the synthesis and release of acetylcholine in the hippocampus. Hinrikus H, Bachmann M, Lass J, Karai D, Tuulik V. Effect of low frequency modulated microwave exposure on human EEG: individual sensitivity. Ongwijitwat S, Wong-Riley MT. However, other reports have indicated that unlike ionizing radiation, the microwave radiation produced by mobile phones does not possess sufficient energy to directly damage DNA. Wang H, Peng R, Zhao L, Wang S, Gao Y, Wang L, et al. Handheld cellular telephone use and risk of brain cancer. Campisi A, Gulino M, Acquaviva R, Bellia P, Raciti G, Grasso R, et al. When nerve endings are excited, the vesicles release their contents into the synaptic cleft, resulting in synaptic transmission. Baer C, Claus R, Plass C. Genome-wide epigenetic regulation of miRNAs in cancer. The results were significant for the range from 12.518.0GHz with a service period greater than 10years. PubMedGoogle Scholar. Identification of a novel rat nr2b subunit gene promoter region variant and its association with microwave-induced neuron impairment. One of the bad impacts a microwave has on humans, is that some of the acids in the food people put in the microwave, gets transformed into a type of acid which turns poisonous. They found that escape times were substantially decreased when the animals were trained while exposed to the phone. Microwave Radiation Effects on Humans - JSTOR Symptoms included headache, paresthesia, diarrhea, malaise and lassitude. Hans Hertel, a Swiss food scientist, initiated the first tests on microwaved food and microwave cooking to determine how microwaves affect human physiology and the blood. MicroRNAs: novel mechanism involved in the pathogenesis of microwave exposure on rats hippocampus. [64] exposed cultured rat hippocampal neurons to GSM 1800MHz microwaves (SAR, 2.4W/kg) and observed a selective decrease in the amplitude of -amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-soxazole propionic acid (AMPA) miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs). miRNAs are non-coding sequences with a length of approximately 22 nucleotides that have roles in cell development and differentiation and are also linked to signal transduction and tumorigenesis. 2012;112:1715. Wang L, Hu X, Peng R. Influence of long-term microwave radiation on contents of amino acids and monoamines in urine of Wistar rats. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. Electromagn Biol Med. Othman H, Ammari M, Rtibi K, Bensaid N, Sakly M, Abdelmelek H. Postnatal development and behavior effects of in-utero exposure of rats to radiofrequency waves emitted from conventional WiFi devices. 2015;28:1324. Effect on human attention of exposure to the electromagnetic field emitted by mobile phones. 2008;22:9927. Nature. Clinics. This damage plays a key role in the structural and functional changes that are accelerated by neuronal degeneration. Behav Brain Res. Kwon MS, Vorobyev V, Knnl S, Laine M, Rinne JO, Toivonen T, et al. Mitochondrial lipid abnormality and electron transport chain impairment in mice lacking -synuclein. 2010;1347:17985. Effects of 2.4 GHz radiofrequency radiation emitted from Wi-Fi equipment on microRNA expression in brain tissue. After 28days, the levels of Glu and Tau in the hippocampus and cerebrospinal fluid were lower, indicating that the cognitive damage induced by microwave radiation is associated with a decrease in Glu [66, 67]. 1994;15:95104. 2012;25:1828. The role of microRNAs in cancer. One study reported by the Interphone study group [13] showed that there was no increase in the risk of glioma or meningioma in users of mobile phones. However, with its popularization, increasing attention has been paid to its influence on humans. JAMA. The authors predicted the differential expression of genes associated with transcription, translation and receptor functions (in addition to brain-related and signaling pathway-related) using the iRDB, miRbase and miRanda databases. Clin Neurophysiol. Above all, because of biases and variations in investigation methods, no conclusive evidence has been presented that microwaves cause cancer. How a Microwave effects the human body? by jesse aarons - Prezi The authors detected the EEG within the frequency bands of 0.530.0Hz for 5 consecutive days. PLoS One. . Mortazavi SMJ, Taeb S, Dehghan N. Alterations of visual reaction time and short term memory in military radar personnel. The levels of NMDA receptor subunits were increased 1 month after irradiation. Wang L, Li X, Peng R, Gao Y, Zhao L, Wang S, et al. Acta Pharmacol Sin. Radial arm maze performance of rats following repeated low level microwave radiation exposure. Biol Chem. PubMed The authors declare that they have no competing interests. 1996;180:917. Thus, in the early developmental stage, chronic exposure to 2.4W/kg GSM microwaves may influence dendritic development and the formation of excitatory synapses in cultures of hippocampal neurons. their effects on the human body are vastly different: - Non-ionizing Radiation Frequency range: 0.1 - 1013 Hz . eliminating microwave and RF sources. 2014;90:2935. Per the FDA, the microwave can heat human skin. A large number of studies have shown that microwave radiation can cause a series of adverse reactions in the central nervous system, including sleep disorders in addition to learning and memory impairments. However, it concurrently also declared that the carcinogenic potential of mobile communications equipment was limited to glioma [4]. Xiong L, Sun CF, Zhang J, Gao YB, Wang LF, Zuo HY, et al. CAS [83] found that long-term exposure to microwave radiation (typical mobile phone, at an SAR level range of 0.170.37W/kg for 3h daily for 8months, or wireless digital enhanced cordless telecommunications/telephone (DECT) base at an SAR level range of 0.0120.028W/kg for 8h/d for 8months) induced the synthesis of 143 proteins, including some neuronal function-associated proteins such as glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), glial maturation factor (GMF), apolipo protein E, heat-shock protein, cytoskeletal proteins and some proteins that are associated with metabolism in the brain. Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip. Szmigielski [23] collected retrospective data for Polish soldiers over 15years and showed that the prevalence of brain cancer was higher in each age group. [1] used 10 freely moving rats in which carbon electrodes were implanted in the cortex and dorsomedial hypothalamus. The biological effects of RF energy are proportional to the rate of ener-gy absorption, and the level of absorption varies little with fre-quency. Preece A, Iwi G, Davies-Smith A, Wesnes K, Butler S, Lim E, et al. Sharma A, Sisodia R, Bhatnagar D, Saxena VK. Int J Radiat Biol. It has been suggested that there is an increased risk of glioma at the highest exposure levels, but biases and errors prevent causal interpretations of these data. Google Scholar. CAS It has also been reported that acute exposure to continuous waves of 900MHz EMF or 900MHz waves that were modulated to an amplitude of 50Hz increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and DNA fragmentation as a result of the hyperstimulation of glutamate receptors [73]. Use of mobile phones and risk of brain tumours: update of Danish cohort study. It is widely accepted that protein synthesis occurs in neuronal dendrites and may be the cellular basis of learning and memory, during which local protein synthesis and synaptic plasticity are closely linked to the efficiency of communication between neurons. [92] found that 900MHz microwave radiation emitted by mobile phones increased protein carbonyl levels in the brains of rats, suggesting that 900MHz microwave radiation can alter some biomolecules such as proteins. Bioelectromagnetics. Lee TM, Ho SM, Tsang LY, Yang SY, Li LS, Chan CC. Hassanshahi A, Shafeie SA, Fatemi I, Hassanshahi E, Allahtavakoli M, Shabani M, et al. [39] exposed rats to microwaves (500 pps, pulse width=2s, and average whole body-specific absorption rate (SAR)=0.6W/kg) for an exposure duration of 45min, and a significant decline was observed in the rats performance, indicating that microwave radiation influenced their working memory. Bioelectromagnetics. This is a Health Evidence Network (HEN) synthesis report assessing the clinical effects of daily exposure to mobile phones in general populations. PubMed Suhhova A, Bachmann M, Karai D, Lass J, Hinrikus H. Effect of microwave radiation on human EEG at two different levels of exposure. Therefore, the authors concluded that exposure to a radiofrequency of 900MHz might trigger the neoplastic process because it produces a relative increase in the number of potentially long-lived cells. The Morris water maze has been widely used in neurobehavioral tests [36]. Because the frequency of microwaves is sufficiently high that the energy is absorbed, the subsequent heating of tissue becomes its major mechanism, and most biochemical and physiological responses are temperature-dependent.
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