Three levels of translation: intralingual. But our tongue lacks the economy of information packaging found in Tofa, a nearly extinct tongue I studied in Siberia. But here the barrier or distance between source and receptor is time. A few years later, the novel was developed into a film which was directed by Hou Xiaoxian (, a famous director from Taiwan. FG (functional grammar) looks at how language works, of great importance is the . The implication is that translation is a component in all language transactions and Jakobson divides these transactions into three kinds of translation or ways of interpreting a verbal sign: intralingual translation or rewording is an interpretation of verbal signs by means of other signs of the same language; interlingual translation or translation proper is an interpretation of verbal signs by means of some other language; intersemiotic translation or transmutation is an interpretation of verbal signs by means of signs of nonverbal sign systems. (see Shuttleworth 1997: 87-88 and Gambier 1992 for more examples as one of the few, Gambier actually writes about intralingual translation, but though interesting, the article is not based on empirical work and does not compare with interlingual translation). See also Shavit (1986) on the translation/transfer of childrens literature. The next sections present a closer look at each of the parameters. To this end, the goal was to find a text which exists in many (available) versions and the Bible was an obvious choice it allows the study of a whole range of intralingual translations originating from the same basic content. It also seems that the strategy of simplification is driven by one of the four parameters knowledge (e.g., layman words and expressions and simple active syntax substituted for expert terms and complex syntax, whereas syntactical changes in interlingual translation are often called for on the basis of structural differences between two languages), time (e.g., contemporary words and expressions and syntax substituted for obsolete words, expressions and syntax), culture (e.g., American words, expressions and syntax substituted for British words, expressions and syntax) or space (e.g., superfluous text omitted or explanatory text added) and that it takes many forms. If we accept that translation can only be accounted for in a meaningful way if we treat it as a cluster concept, it does not make sense to attempt a too finite description. In principle, functional translation theory has narrowed the gap between intralingual and interlingual translation. The most interesting findings of the analyses and of the comparison with interlingual translation is firstly the strong tendency of intralingual translation to involve a form of simplification a strategy which is not so often applied as the overall skopos of a translation proper. This meta-analysis examined the overall effectiveness of subtitles to enhance learners' L2. Intralingual translation - translation within the same language, which can involve rewording or paraphrase; Interlingual translation - translation from one language to another, and Intersemiotic translation - translation of the verbal sign by a non-verbal sign, for example, music or image. Mllehave, Johannes (1991): Alle brns Bibel. intralingual translation between dialects, sociolects, and patois diamesic translation, i.e. Eva Hung ( later revised Eileen Changs translation with an introduction and had it published by Columbia University Press. This line of thought was further elaborated by Steiner in 1975. Then follows the sentence: Kejseren ville taelle folk i de byer, de var fdt i. (Paul Goodman, Five Years: Thoughts During a Useless Time, 1969), "A translated text, whether prose or poetry, fiction or nonfiction, is judged acceptable by most publishers, reviewers, and readers when it reads fluently, when the absence of any linguistic or stylistic peculiarities makes it seem transparent, giving the appearance that it reflects the foreign writer's personality or intention or the essential meaning of the foreign text--the appearance, in other words, that the translation is not, in fact, a translation, but the 'original.' That the definition of certain concepts needs to be open is simply an inherent feature of such concepts; in other words it is not a flaw or deficiency that some concepts cannot be finitely described, neither theoretically nor pragmatically. Do the strategies applied by students differ from those applied by professionals? In one instance, the newer version replaces a modern-sounding expression Gik hen (went up to) with an older one, namely Drog hen, but probably because Drog hen is the more semantically correct expression. However, the extension also comes from subjective additions to the text, presumably to make it come more alive to children, but also in a few instances to vent the translators own views. Questions abound I hope the future will see some answers. Interlingual translation - translating verbal signs into other signs of a different language. The novel had been neglected by the major scholars for a couple of decades until it was discovered by Lu Xun () and Hu Shi(). On the basis of the case study and assisted by introspection and the more or less stray sentences of the literature referred to above, the main factors that seem to be influential in intralingual translation (and at the same time, the very reasons for the existence of intralingual translation) have been examined. Highly functional translations (which meet skopoi which differ greatly from those of the source texts), localisation, prcis-writing, expert-to-layman communication, etc. Maria and Joseph gave him the name Jesus, just as the angel had told them to. To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below: Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content? Routledge, 1995), "Here, then, is the full process of translation. Zethsen (2007) argues that interlingual translation has been the object of many research studies attempting to define, exemplify and systematize this type of translation, whereas intralingual translation has not drawn the same amount of academic attention. Literary Translation (see for example Kindlepreneur.) Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page Intralingual definition: (linguistics, translation studies) Contained within the same language ; involving a monolingual process. Furthermore, the need for translation within the same language is also indicative of the richness of perspectives, knowledge and cultures that exist within our linguistic traditions (however forgotten). (Munday, Citation2009:201) The Short Stories of Shakespeare in UK is just an example. In this translation process, a phase of intralingual translation is added, i.e. Even on the basis of a hermeneutic approach it still makes sense to try to delimit the field of translation studies, the question is in which way? Munday argues that intralingual translation is used to achieve an easier reading for children. The target group is adults who find the authorised version too difficult or stilted. The changes made centre around the level of background knowledge and ability of comprehension of the target group. Intralingual translation or rewriting, according to Roman Jakobson, is an interpretation of verbal signs by means of other signs of the same languages. The Bible as a source text is a complicated matter though because of the interlingual translation which is also involved. There are only two omissions in the text; the name Nazareth and the fact that Joseph and Maria were engaged. The numbers refer to the verse numbers. 13 In it, and more specifically, in the part of the book devoted to the theory and methodology of translation, Kakridis discussed intralingual translation and its attendant problems . . Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/translation-language-1692560. Copenhagen: Det Danske Bibelselskab. by means of synonymous expressions of another level of formality as pointed out by Steiner (1975). Translation studies is engaged in the academic study of translation and it is therefore common that works on translation devote chapters or paragraphs to a definition of translation as a concept. Ny Testamente p hverdagsdansk (1985/2002): (The New Testament in everyday Danish.) Newmarks definition (1999) is very narrow indeed; it includes only translation proper and strongly relies on the much criticised concept of equivalence (Snell-Hornby 1988; Zethsen 2004). Intralingual translation has a strong tendency to involve a form of simplification where it becomes the main purpose of the translation, and because of this tendency the micro-strategies applied (additions, omissions, restructuring, etc.) Create an account to receive our newsletter, course recommendations and promotions. EndNote, Papers, Reference Manager, RefWorks, Zotero, ENW The problem of translation is to retreat to a simpler tenor of one's own style and creatively adjust this to one's author." See also Weissbrod (2004: 27) on translation/transfer over time. Intralingual translation or rewriting, according to Roman Jakobson, is an interpretation of verbal signs by means of other signs of the same languages. My alternative definition is open and inherently non-finite and is an attempt to define the discipline of translation studies as an open field which relies on an open, inherently non-finite, yet describable concept and not on necessary or sufficient conditions or audience assumptions. Contemporary synonyms have replaced older ones and a more modern and less stilted syntax has been used. However, I have never seen a detailed, empirically-based attempt to describe the general characteristics of intralingual translation and the strategies employed or compare it with interlingual translation. De skulle snart giftes. The empirical work of this article is considered as a first attempt of a concrete, general description of the characteristics of and the microstrategies involved in intralingual translation. In Week 2, we will explore how translation that crosses over different media changes the relationship between the text and its viewers, turning spectators into translators. The purpose of this study is to help provide insights into this area of translation studies by studying the way scientific texts are adapted to popular texts. The first intralingual workshop in the field of translation was held in 2014 at Bogazici University in Istanbul. This is especially true when a nation is weak and backward. Words are untranslateable because [they] do not exist in a flat, alphabetised dictionary style list, but rather in a richly structured taxonomy of meaning. And then, finally, we have the reader. We believe learning should be an enjoyable, social experience, so our courses offer the opportunity to discuss what youre learning with others as you go, helping you make fresh discoveries and form new ideas. The analyses suggest that intralingual translation is generally motivated by one or more of the key parameters; knowledge, time, culture, and space. Within polysystem theory and the realms of literary translation (Even-Zohar 1990) we do find some work on intralingual or intersemiotic translation (Weissbrod 1998, 2004; Shavit 1986). . ThoughtCo, Aug. 28, 2020, thoughtco.com/translation-language-1692560. It was very uncomfortable for them to travel as Maria was soon to give birth; but of course those in power do not ask about such things. The disturbances mentioned are under these two condition such as: interlingual interference (also known as transfer between languages) and intralingual interference (also known as transfer in one. Furthermore, we will learn about the third category of int. The target group for this text is children from 3 to 5 years old. Almost all of the text has been paraphrased and as could be expected lexis and syntax have been simplified in the process. It was between the fracas and the navel.' This example shows the importance of understanding or decoding the message content in communication. These factors are: These four factors are not listed according to importance, as that depends on the kind of intralingual translation. However, despite Jakobsons classical definition, intralingual translation or rewording is extremely peripheral to translation studies, more so than it deserves, and the relationship between interlingual and intralingual translation is a neglected area of research, as is a thorough description of intralingual translation; it is next to impossible to find any relevant literature. For example, any modern rendition of Chaucer's Canterbury Tales had to be translated from Middle English (provided it is not a translation of a translation). In addition, this may entail that there is also more room for interpretation, and perhaps even a certain degree of subjectivity, in intralingual translation (the extremely subjective additions in the family Bible would certainly not be deemed acceptable in interlingual translation, but probably not in the majority of intralingual translations either! To further probe that assumption it is helpful to look at other types of translation that also involve transfer of meaning, though not between two different languages, as in translation proper, but within the same language (intralingual translation) and between different media or sign systems (intersemiotic translation). Similarities as well as differences between rewording and translation proper are discussed, the conclusion being that the differences between intralingual and interlingual translation seem to be more a question of degree than of kind. However, there are lots of less obvious examples, especially when it comes to ambiguous or idiomatic sentences, such as sayings, which are often hard to translate In this approach, the source language, i.e. This relationship can take many forms and by no means rests on the concept of equivalence, but rather on the skopos of the target text. All but strictly necessary cookies are currently disabled for this browser. Intralingual translation shares with translation proper the idea of changing form but maintaining meaning and the need to adjust to different audiences and expectations. Jakobson builds on Pierces theory of signs and meaning and postulates that the meaning of any linguistic sign is its translation into some further, alternative sign (Jakobson 1959/2000: 114). A transfer has taken place and the target text has been derived from the source text (resulting in a new product in another language, genre or medium), i.e. For the sake of comparison, a general description of intralingual translation and its characteristics on the basis of five different Danish versions of a section of the Bible and an analysis of the microstrategies employed in each version are proposed. What is Intersemiotic Translation? Taking China as an example, the intralingual translation was used for the construction of modern vernacular. What they offer is a description of the fundamental activity of translation, but a description which relies on open concepts and which is therefore able and willing to include a whole range of examples, from the prototypical to the peripheral, depending on the distance in question from the prototypical definition of the concepts involved. These are delivered one step at a time, and are accessible on mobile, tablet and desktop, so you can fit learning around your life. In theory, translation studies does not exclude intralingual translation, but de facto empirical studies or discussions on the subject of intralingual translation are few and far between. Newmarks definition may be prototypical for him and many others, but it does not necessarily represent translational reality today. In some examples, the translation is not idiomatic, but direct, in order to illustrate what has taken place. this is a fork, you use it to put food in your mouth) and when we deal with different professionals who often paraphrase bits of their speech for a non-specialist (i.e. Intersemiotic translation - translation of the verbal sign by a non-verbal sign, for example, music or image. In my view neither of these two requirements are necessary conditions for a document/product to constitute a translation and they would effectively exclude all intralingual translation. This sentence provides information which is traditionally not given until verse 21. Then, it provides instances of intralingual translation from various disciplines and analyzes them from a functional and cognitive perspective. The professional translator and cultural mediator of today needs a large number of skills to qualify as an expert for interlingual and intercultural communication (Snell-Hornby 1999: 164). The analyses on which this article is based were carried out on a limited number of texts and the characteristics found cannot necessarily be generalised to all kinds of intralingual translation. Practically all information has been transferred, but the order of the information has been changed in quite a few instances and pictures have been added. When planning this case study, a number of different examples of intralingual translation were considered. With the ulterior motive of putting intralingual translation (back?) Nordquist, Richard. The first is its referential function. Early in this small childrens version we are also told that Joseph and Maria tried to find somewhere to stay, but that there was not room in any of the houses (Josef og Maria forsgte at finde et sted, hvor de kunne vaere, men der var ikke plads i et eneste af husene), though the 1948 version does not give this information until the last sentence where we are told that Maria laid her son in a manger because there was no room for them in the inn.. USA: Sesam. 643-890, 3. Steiner was particularly interested in intralingual translation which was diachronically motivated: The schematic model of translation is one in which a message from a source-language passes into a receptor-language via a transformational process. (Michael Cunningham, "Found in Translation." Jakobson argued for a broad, inclusive definition of translation as a phenomenon fundamental to all language transactions. The aim of the description is to function as a tertium comparationes when trying to determine family resemblances. Un article de la revue Meta (Volume 54, numro 4, dcembre 2009, p. 643-890) diffuse par la plateforme rudit. . Karen According to Shuttleworth (1997: 88), Jakobson, by producing his three categories, simply suggested that translation belongs to a group of interlinked phenomena between which one can find family resemblances and Tymoczko (1998, 2005) argues for a broad perception of translation and suggests that we regard translation as a cluster concept which has to be defined non-finitely in line with Wittgensteins concept of family resemblance. This article argues for the proper inclusion of intralingual translation on the grounds of its many similarities with interlingual translation. [] to be taxed in the city from which their people originally came. What does intralingual mean? Novices (second-semester MA students of specialized translation or journalism ), Experienced text producers (at least five years of experience), Intralingual vs. Interlingual translaiton. The witness is intimidated by the formality of the court setting, and assumes that the unfamiliar word, 'fracas', is a polite euphemism. Translation: Definition and Examples. The reader is the least tortured of this trio, but the reader too may very well feel that he is missing something in the book, that through sheer ineptitude he is failing to be a proper vessel for the books overarching vision." The denotative content of the text remains the same as in the 1948 edition. Definition of intralingual in the Definitions.net dictionary. This is discussed by Snell-Hornby (1999, 2006) who heavily criticises and warns against a too narrow perception of translation (in general, and Newmarks definition in particular) the traditional linguistic transcoding activity (Snell-Hornby 1999: 164) and of the tasks of the modern-day translator, which need to be reflected to some extent in our theoretical discussions if they are to remain meaningful. This strategy is clearly reflected in the translation. Seidelin, Anna Sophie (1973): Hjemmenes Billedbibel (A family picture Bible from 1973). Even-Zohar (in Weissbrod 2004: 24) argues that there is no benefit in dealing with one phenomenon (translation) as if it were detached from other phenomena when it is not. And Gambier (1992: 308) takes a similar view: Enfin, il oblige reposer la ncessit prtendue dune thorie de la traduction, autonome, spare de la thorisation des autres processus interactionnels (intralinguistiques).. intralingual Definitions (linguistics, translation studies) Contained within the same language; involving a monolingual process adjective (linguistics, translation studies) grammar Contained within the same language; involving a monolingual process grammar intralingual ( not comparable) intralingual ( not comparable) Examples Stem 11. "Translation: Definition and Examples." Nordquist, Richard. Despite differences and diverse points of view among its participants, the conference was both provocative and productive. Vi erkender derfor vort ansvar i den redaktionelle bearbejdning af grundteksten Oversaettelsen er sledes en fri oversaettelse, ikke en ord-for-ord oversaettelse, ej heller en parafrase.. Intralingual translation can refer to rewording or paraphrasing, summarizing, expanding or commenting within a language. As already pointed out, all strategies found in the intralingual versions are well-known within interlingual translation, but not necessarily with the aim of simplification and not to the extent seen in intralingual translation. Here the source text can be described in words and then translated into an image or visual narrative that may release a similar message as the original words while also creating new meanings and associations. Which is the main characteristics of Interlingual translation? The source texts in this case can be a classic text, or A recent article (Zethsen 2008) examined Tourys very influential and highly pragmatic definition of translation relying on the concept of assumed translation[1] and his three postulates[2] (Toury 1985, 1995) and the conclusion was that all three postulates are equally relevant to intralingual translation, but that Tourys definition though attractive would not be able to contain intralingual translation mainly because of the requirement of assumed translation. The subjective comments in the above examples reflect a political/feminist agenda from the 1970s. (2020, August 28). What a miracle! According to Weissbrod (2004: 24), reflecting the views of Even-Zohar, researchers should deal with all these examples of transfer within one theoretical framework as the mechanism of transfer is largely the same in all instances. Not surprisingly, the Danish authorised version from 1992 resembles the authorised version from 1948. The above constitutes a description of translation which, though not as broad as Steiners all-embracing hermeneutic approach, still sees the phenomenon of translation as much more fundamental to human communication than more traditional translation studies definitions. Even though the empirical study of intralingual translation is meagre, no one can deny that intralingual translation is a widespread phenomenon and that it is easy to find many very different instances of this kind of translation (within expert-layman communication, for instance, they abound). [] because it is always warm in a stable with animals, especially if they are cows. (*date) I will *keep money for a house. For example, in the case of translating to English from Ukrainian using Russian as an . What is so remarkable here is that this illusory effect conceals the numerous conditions under which the translation is made . a comparative analysis of strategies in text production. (K. David Harrison, linguist at Swarthmore College, in "Seven Questions for K. David Harrison." Viborg: Scandinavia. The similarities cannot be denied, they overlap and criss-cross the family resemblance is definitely there. The text has been extended to 158 words though this includes verse 1 because of the restructuring. for at lade sig indskrive tillige med Maria, sin trolovede, som var frugtsommelig. In order to answer these questions, two experiments will be set up in which professional text producers and students will be asked to translate a scientific text into a popular text. Are the strategies applied in intralingual translation different from those applied in interlingual translation? We have seen that descriptions of translation claim that meaning can be carried across between languages, however dressed up or repackaged it is, and we have begun to question the assumption that meaning remains unchanged during this process. Localisation is now a huge industry which does of course often involve translation proper, but in many cases localisation also takes place intralingually, the aim being to produce different cultural versions of the same text within the same language. I can express the notion 'four year old male uncastrated domesticated reindeer' in English. In the preface to the Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies, Baker also, argues that we have been narrow and restrictive in defining our object of study and expresses concern about the lack of research outside the field of translation proper: [] intralingual translation is not such a minor issue as the existing literature on translation might suggestI know of no research that looks specifically at the phenomena of intralingual or intersemiotic translation. They are defined by their oppositions to and similarities to multiple other words--in other words, the cultural backdrop." do not worry Ms Jones, a stapedectomy is a minor procedure of the middle ear performed in order to improve hearing). .." (Lawrence Venuti, The Translator's Invisibility: A History of Translation. A British book, then, can be foreign for American readers. Intralingual translation Qubecois - French SL = TL Malay - Indonesian SW = TW Scriptural translation Transliteration Transcription . An example of Hindi-Urdu scriptural translation is shown in Figure 1. Apart from the obvious difference of the number of national languages involved, the most significant difference seems to be that in many kinds of intralingual translation simplification[14] is the keyword. The changes made centre around the difference in time between the two versions and the aim is to make a traditional, close translation/version gently brought up to date to make it more accessible to contemporary readers. However, in intralingual translation two codes are also involved; not the codes of national languages, but of different genres or target groups. no longer tolerate incomprehensible expert texts. It differs from general transliteration in various aspects. Turn on JavaScript to exercise your cookie preferences for all non-essential cookies. Also Schffner points out that translational reality exceeds interlingual translation and she claims that it is increasingly agreed within the academic community of translators that the translators responsibilities go well beyond what was traditionally considered a translation proper (Schffner 1999: 98). I would like to think that intralingual skills are included in the term intercultural communication, if we do not limit our definition of intercultural to mainly a question of national culture (see Zethsen 2010 forthcoming). However, nothing in the description should be considered necessary or sufficient to define translation. ), but the hypothesis will not be explored further in this article. Intralingual translations instigated by the parameter of culture (intercultural translations) could typically be an American version of an English book (as is the case with Harry Potter, for instance, which has been published in a special American edition replacing cultural words like biscuits, football, Mummy, rounders and sherbet lemons with cookies, soccer, Mommy, baseball and lemon drops [Hatim and Munday 2004: 4-5]). It can be very cold outside in the winter in Judaea []. What is Intersemiotic translation? The parameter of time is of course related to the parameters of culture and knowledge, but in this case it is the diachronic factor which results in the lack of knowledge or cultural understanding; this is the reason for the new authorised version from 1992, for example, and is an important element in the everyday version (even in cases where a reader is able to read and understand the old authorised version from 1948, it will take him less time to process the everyday version). The target group for this text is families, especially young people and children. They were soon to be married. Archive 2007-07-01. The length is almost the same, namely 88 words. Complete equivalence as well as absolute synonymy is very rare (if it exists at all) and this fundamental dilemma of interpretation is shared by rewording as well as translation proper (Steiner 1975: 261): What Jakobson calls rewording an interpretation of verbal signs by means of other signs in the same language in fact raises issues of the same order as translation proper (Steiner 1975: 414).