what does nwf cls in dibels mean

To successfully complete the NWF task, students must rely on their knowledge of letter-sound correspondences and how to blend sounds into whole words. Like CBM, DIBELS were developed to be economical and efficient indicators of a student's progress toward achieving a general outcome. DIBELS consists of the 6 following tests: Acadience Oral Reading Fluency (ORF) is an indicator of accurate and fluent reading of connected text, advanced phonics and word attack skills, and reading comprehension. UO policy. CTL is committed to working diligently on the continuous improvement of DIBELS and provide DIBELS users with the best and most informative data on their readers as possible. )x[!e%eL)pvV+Pi-@JjTw#H coc p) The goal for a first grader in the winter on the NWF assessment is 43 correct letter sequences (cls) and 8 whole word read (wwr). NWF-CLS: Nonsense Word Fluency - Correct Letter Sounds ORF-A: Oral Reading Fluency- Accuracy. 2. Students ability to decode nonsense words can be revealed in a quick assessment if they have learned the common sounds of the words. (Select all that apply). Here is what DIBELS measures: We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. Text Reading Comprehension Click Go. Third grade goals are 77, 92 and 110 at the beginning, middle and end-of-year points respectively. Each grade has an oral reading fluency goal with testing that begins in the middle of first grade. Although DIBELS materials were initially developed to be linked to the local curriculum (Kaminski & Good, 1996), current DIBELS measures are generic and do not draw content from any specific curriculum. The Letter Naming Fluency (LNF) subtest is a test of related early literacy skills. Research on DIBELS is conducted at the University of Oregon (UO) and began in the late 1980s. CLS (Correct Letter Sounds) WWR (Whole Words Read) Measure of the alphabetic. Use the constant values for the missing subtest/s score/s. She holds a Bachelor of Arts in liberal studies from California State University at Northridge. Nonsense words are a syllable that aid students in learning how to decode larger words. If the student read /di/ /f/ or "dif", the score would also be 3. What are the principles architectural types of Islam? NWF (CLS) - Nonsense Word Fluency Correct Letter Sounds - The number of correct letter sounds students can indentify correctly in one minute (Dynamic Measurement Group, n.d.). SCORING' For!correct!responses,!underlineeachletter! 2222 0 obj <> endobj xref Copyright 2023 Leaf Group Ltd. / Leaf Group Education, Explore state by state cost analysis of US colleges in an interactive article. Questions may be referred to the DIBELS is a predictor of literacy strategies. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. The ability to segment two to four phoneme words into individual phonemes is measured by PSF. What are the five major reasons humans create art? DIBELS Nonsense Word Fluency Practice Activity Instructions for Completing the Activity: 1. To have tolerated enough nonsense: conduct, action, etc. Descriptive Information. 'rBN/K\)=>J/D.mx6q_^y4|> Vi>;Tr> G :< How much do you have to change something to avoid copyright? First grade goals fall, winter and spring are 24, 50 and 50 respectively. There are two scores for NWF. Step 1: Multiply each subtest raw score by the corresponding weight listed in the table. endstream endobj 728 0 obj <>stream Nonsense Word Flunecy (NWF) - A DIBELS assessment that measures a student's ability to blend letters into made up words (Dynamic Measurement Group, n.d.). Then, using the NWF CLS end-of-year goal as an internal criterion, we established the benchmark goals and cut points for risk for middle-of-year NWF CLS. Our assessments have been built on decades of research in curriculum-based measurement science, delivering a proven approach that screens for at-risk . The twins were born, (Yes, our Cultured Vegan Butter from Europe does not just melt; it browns.) According to DIBELS guidelines, by the end of kindergarten children should be able to segment 35 sounds in one minute. NOTE: The TRC suggests controlling for initial level when the correlation for slope without such control is not adequate. The Dynamic Indicators of Basic Early Literacy Skills (DIBELS) help to identify whether a child will struggle with reading and to identify the child's current reading level. What is the most popular souvenir in Singapore? We frequently break words into syllables when teaching phonemic awareness. The term can also refer to the act of putting alcohol or drugs on ones buttocks in order to become inebriated. Predictive validity for grade K is (a) the correlation between middle-of-year NWF CLS in year 1 and end-of-year ORF Words Correct in year 2 and (b) the correlation between end-of-year NWF CLS in year 1 and end-of-year ORF Words Correct in year 2. endstream endobj 727 0 obj <>stream If their DIBELS scoring is lower than 35, the teacher should provide immediate, intensive intervention. But DIBELS 8th Edition is more useful for more students in more grades than ever before. Phoneme Segmentation Fluency M{gq"DiSMu1J_iU(cxpR]eiyX2swqY\AQDQEHdE]\tv`_vap~AVG\M63.pUcpS:].x%_9WQ9XQ9TX@5g8gN}~g#=zwT & Getting Ready to Implement Intensive Intervention, Lessons Learned from NCIIs First 5 Years, Clarifying Questions to Create a Hypothesis, Progress Monitoring Data Collection & Graphing Tool, Intensifying Literacy Instruction: Essential Practices, Intensive Intervention in Reading Course Content, Intensive Intervention in Mathematics Course Content, Behavior Support for Intensive Intervention Course Content. Correct Letter Sounds If this goal is not reached, the child may be placed in a small group with the teacher or teaching assistant to practice letter sounds. Oral reading fluency assessment tests students on how many words they can read in one minute from a grade-level passage. DIBELS was developed to measure recognized and empirically validated skills related to general reading outcomes. To keep NWF CLS as much an external criterion as possible for grades K and 1, CLS scores at the beginning and middle of year were examined, as possible (details below). Next we specified the benchmark goal and cut point for risk for end-of-year NWF CLS with respect to the end-of-year external criterion. While individual scores help teachers know who is struggling with a specific skill, the average scores of the group help teachers determine the approach they need to take with the entire class. on the statement of non-discrimination. mCLASS is a universal screener that measures the development of reading skills of all students in grades K-5 through two main assessments: Dynamic Indicators of Basic Early Literacy Skills (DIBELS) and the Text Reading Comprehension (TRC) assessments. Supported by U.S. Department of Education Office of Special Education Programs, If yes, what technology is required to implement your tool? v\GMyC. Assessing nonsense words provides an idea of what the student may need to work on next. If yes, fill in data for each subgroup with disaggregated reliability data. When a student provides multiple responses for the same item on LNF, ORF, or Correct Letter Sounds (CLS) from NWF, the responses are treated as self . Measure/Skills Assessed: PSF-Phonological Awareness. Word Reading Fluency (WRF) WRF measures the ability to read grade-level words from a page. These measures are designed for students in grades K-8. Overview of PSF (Phoneme Segmentation Fluency). If yes, how many students can be rated concurrently? DIBELS are measures that help teachers and schools determine how students are performing on important reading skills. How do DIBELS Nonsense Word Fluency scores Words Read Completely and Correctly. isolationorinthecontextofthenonsense! These measures are . Data from the 2014-2015 school year were exported from three separate data management systems and combined into one data set. Nonsense Word Fluency (NWF) is a brief, direct measure of the alphabetic principle and basic phonics. Therefore, the reported predictive validity coefficient is the correlation between beginning-of-year NWF CLS in year 1 and end-of-year ORF Words Correct in year 2. 21hzaL:PQF (T8&FDiEk7qB115`a(LL3XH"4sf,tQ8wNhP6!__ArChPX)k*4(TZte5P5]"?t%4F`!Ml4 TRC. You will want to use this data (as well as other data available to you) to group students into skill-based groups. Because students can focus on the meaning of the text, they are more likely to comprehend material if they read with automaticity and have appropriate speed, accuracy, and proper expression. and gender expression in all programs, activities and employment practices as required by In DIBELS 6th Edition, the Instructional Recommendations provided the best overall estimate of the student's early literacy skills and/or reading proficiency. The laying on of hands by those with proper authority (see Acts 8:12-25; Moroni, Is the Honda Accord AWD? DIBELS Nonsense Word Fluency (NWF) is a standardized, individually-administered test of the alphabetic principle including letter-sound correspondence and of the ability to blend letters into words in which letters represent their most common sounds. )`, 0000000016 00000 n and the student read /d/ /i/ /f/ the score for correct letter sound would be 3. 0000003096 00000 n Use your district log-in. Form a three-person group. ACADEMIC ONLY: What skills does the tool screen? We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. At the beginning of the second grade year, the student oral reading fluency goal is 44 words per minute, the mid-year goal is 68 and the end-of-year goal is 90 words per minute. The roles are: Examiner Student Observer NWF-WRC measures basic phonics and blending skills. NWF Nonsense Word Fluency Focus: CLS (Correct Letter Sounds) WWR (Whole Words Read) Measure of the alphabetic principle and basi c phonics. How do I know if my valve spring is broken? dif . The program was developed at the University of Oregon and is used to help teachers identify struggling . In many ways, the DIBELS 8th Edition does not look all that different from prior editions of DIBELS, including DIBELS Next. Grade level targets for a student to achieve are: 1st grade: 44 wpm (words per minute). If yes, fill in data for each subgroup with disaggregated validity data. 2222 14 While some students are reading before elementary school, true fluency may not occur until second, third or a later grade for some children. How much does it cost to renew your license SA? How do I check my child support status in Texas? endstream endobj 726 0 obj <>stream 0E%$UJ 6 .3JvKwo: Mark Shinn (Professor in the College of Education at the University of Oregon for 19 years) actually originated the name Dynamic Indicators of Basic Skills (Shinn, 1989, 1999). What are the DIBELS subtests? The Acadience Reading K-6 benchmark goals provide targeted levels of skill that students need to achieve by specific points in time in order to be considered to be making adequate progress. 0000023169 00000 n 0000000576 00000 n (NWF) Word Reading Fluency (WRF) The DIBELS Composite Score is a combination of multiple DIBELS scores and provides the best overall . Describe any other procedures for specifying adequate growth and minimum acceptable end of year performance. To put it another way, how well a student can segment a spoken word into basic sound segments or phonemes? In the table below, report reliability of the slope (e.g., ratio of true slope variance to total slope variance) by grade level (if relevant). The program was developed at the University of Oregon and is used to help teachers identify struggling readers to provide early intervention by using the assessment results. Composite Score. DIBELS Next Recommended Benchmark Goals FSF LNF PSF NWF-CLSNWF CLS NWF-WWRNWF WWR Beginning 23 29* n/a n/a n/a 12 21 Kindergarten 52 52 51 34* gg Optional 42 41 41 24 Middle Optional, Endorsed 62 44* 7 Endorsed End n/a Optional, 50 Endorsed 34 1 LNF PSF NWF CLSNWF-CLS NWF WWRNWF-WWR ORF WRCORF-WRC ORF AORF-A RTF . Pretentious diction and meaningless words are discussed by Orwell. Is the, The woolly bear is a fuzzy, orange, and black caterpillar with a large head and a dull, yellow to orange moth that turns into a, Copyright 2023 TipsFolder.com | Powered by Astra WordPress Theme. Select Teacher Class Report Choose DIBELS test (Click on DIBELS). Lori Furgerson began writing for an educational company in 2005. Nonsense Word Fluency (NWF) is a brief, direct measure of the alphabetic principle and basic phonics. Children are not tested again on letter names in future grades because they are expected to have mastered it by the beginning of first grade. Students clap syllables, jump on each one, or do something else to indicate the number of syllables in a word. The DIBELS Composite Score is a combination of multiple DIBELS scores and provides the best overall estimate of the students early literacy skills and/or reading proficiency. DIBELS stands for Dynamic Indicators of Basic Early Literacy Skills. Text Reading and Comprehension. This coefficient represents the extent to which the NWF CLS score is related to important reading outcomes. If criterion-referenced, describe procedure for specifying criterion for adequate growth and benchmarks for end-of-year performance levels. DIBELS is a registered trademark of the University of Oregon. The number of correct letter sounds produced in 1 minute is known as the Correct Letter Sounds (CLS). endstream endobj 729 0 obj <>stream DIBELS 8th Edition Benchmark Goals Updated: July 2020 . Students continue to be assessed until the beginning of second grade. . 0000003893 00000 n UO Where is the Savannah River nuclear plant? hn0_o?J@Xm r$Z& Contact information, related policies, and complaint procedures are listed CALCULATING FINAL SCORE Add the total number of words up to the bracket and record it on the line for Total Words. PDF. First Sound Fluency (FSF) is a brief, direct measure of a students fluency in identifying the initial sounds in words. The DIBELS Composite Score is a combination of multiple DIBELS scores and provides the best overall estimate of the student's early literacy skills and/or reading proficiency. DIBELS stands for Dynamic Indicators of Basic Early Literacy Skills. endstream endobj 725 0 obj <>stream The measures are consistent with many of the Common Core State Standards in Reading, especially those for Foundational Skills. What are DIBELS? Also, Im curious as to what Dibels nonsense word fluency is. DIBELS are measures that help teachers and schools determine how students are performing on important reading skills. Visit us on Twitter. 724 0 obj <>stream endstream endobj 730 0 obj <>stream Teachers can use DIBELS results to help them design their overall instructional reading plan. The most up-to-date and validated version of DIBELS. The color of their TRC level indicates their proficiency in reading comprehension (accuracy, fluency, oral comprehension and written comprehension). In the table below, report predictive validity of the slope (correlation between the slope and achievement outcome) by grade level (if relevant). *In the table below, report the results of the validity analyses described above (e.g., concurrent or predictive validity, evidence based on response processes, evidence based on internal structure, evidence based on relations to other variables, and/or evidence based on consequences of testing), and the criterion measures. It is not a reading program. Gollygoops. The NWF measure takes about 2 minutes to administer and has over 20 alternate forms, per grade, for monitoring progress. Correct Letter Sounds Correct Letter Sounds. At risk. Pretentious diction is used to portray biases as impartial and scientific, whereas meaningless words are used to prevent the reader from seeing the point of the statement. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. t0/:h-`(r8sla` \L{270`HD%Kq c`< 4#o0 x endstream endobj 2234 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/Index[85 2137]/Length 65/Size 2222/Type/XRef/W[1 1 1]>>stream NCII administrators and members of our Technical Review Committees have reviewed the content on this page, but NCII cannot guarantee that this information is free from error or reflective of recent changes to the product. Also, I'm curious as to what Dibels . -5u@uc The Correct Letter Sounds (CLS) is the number of letter sounds produced correctly in 1 minute. If they fall below that score, teachers are trained to provide immediate, small group or individual intervention. The scores are indicated by the icon of the running child. What does NWF CLS in DIBELS mean? Supported by U.S. Department of Education Nonsense Word Fluency (NWF) - Correct Letter Sounds (CLS) 20+ 36+ 49+ 47+ 78+ 87+ 86+ 103+ 117+ 121+ 138+ 141+ 19 35 25 48 31 46 30 77 52 86 55 85 50 . 44 wpm Overview of the Taxonomy of Intervention Intensity, Behavior Supports for Intensive Intervention, Intensive Intervention & Special Education, How can we Ensure IEP Teams Provide the Most Intensive Supports, Supporting Students with Disabilities at School and Home, Intensive Intervention & English Learners, Taxonomy of Intervention Intensity: Considerations for English Learners, Intensive Intervention & Virtual Delivery, Going Virtual: Considerations for Adjusting DBI, Using Sample Lessons to Support Continuity of Learning, Intensive Intervention Infographics for Families, Using Sample Lessons for Continuity of Learning, Strengthening Intensive Intervention Preparation: A Guide for Faculty, Stanford Achievement Test: 10th Edition (SAT-10), Cut Points - Percentile rank on criterion measure, Cut Points - Performance score on criterion measure, Cut Points - Corresponding performance score (numeric) on screener measure, AUC Estimates 95% Confidence Interval: Lower Bound, AUC Estimates 95% Confidence Interval: Upper Bound. These entities supply the textual information shown above, but not the ratings accompanying the text. pP.A5BH@;p0 i@ B6 . 0AT"mH"{I-qJgg"4Ka9~~x Nonsense Word Fluency (NWF) tests your knowledge of basic letter-sound correspondences as well as your ability to blend letter sounds into consonant-vowel-consonant (CVC) and vowel-consonant (VC) words. Oral reading fluency refers to the ability to read connected text with ease, accuracy, and expression. Oral reading fluency continues into second grade with DIBELS oral reading fluency testing conducted three times a year. Nonsense Word Fluency (NWF) Nonsense Word Fluency - Correct Letter Sounds (NWF-CLS) Nonsense Word Fluency - Words Recoded Correctly (NWF-WRC) NWF-CLS measures basic phonics skills. trailer <]/Prev 326416/XRefStm 1027>> startxref 0 %%EOF 2235 0 obj <>stream Most tools and programs evaluated by the NCII are branded products which have been submitted by the companies, organizations, or individuals that disseminate these products. DIBELS was developed based on Curriculum-Based Measurement (CBM), which were created by Deno and colleagues through the Institute for Research and Learning Disabilities at the University of Minnesota in the 1970s-80s (e.g., Deno and Mirkin, 1977; Deno, 1985; Deno and Fuchs, 1987; Shinn, 1989). If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. }] W\Tap1QhP5 V%t@ b# @:cg08(__Nyq[WAc1X|>67/77~O_!mn^n{iO7?~xx[qSj2 . Dynamic Indicators of Basic Early Literacy Skills, Dynamic Indicators of Basic Early Literacy Skills. DIBELS benchmark goals are empirically derived, criterion-referenced target scores that represent adequate reading prog- ress. Word Reading Fluency (WRF) is a standardized, individually-administered measure of accuracy and fluency reading sight words. Student skills at or above benchmark at the beginning of the year put the odds in favor of the student achieving the middle-of-year benchmark goal. DIBELS Composite Score: A combination of multiple DIBELS scores, which provides the best overall estimate of the student's reading proficiency. Finally, students with skills at or above benchmark at the end of the year have odds in favor of having adequate reading skills on a wide variety of external measures of reading proficiency. What are DIBELS? 4Fb F531 0000003297 00000 n NWF is not administered at the end of second grade, so concurrent validity could not be calculated. Anton Du Bekes twins are how old they are? Most data-management services will calculate the DIBELS Composite Score for you. Iggily biggily. Nonsense Word Fluency (NWF) - Words Recoded Correctly (WRC) Teachers can't wait that long to assess a student's reading skills. hj0Ee%Rd).Z[4WvK Words or language that have little or no meaning. For example, if the nonsense word was . Local representation (please describe, including number of states). Thirty five percent of schools were located in cities, 26% were located in suburbs, 12% were located in towns, and 27% were located in rural areas. Below Benchmark. They are designed to be short (one minute) fluency measures that can be used to regularly detect risk and monitor the development of early literacy and early reading skills in . (Select all that apply). Children who meet the goal are on track for reading success and the ability to comprehend text. h\An0E$gl TeDTn4yJVX^6A%fl}^&jYSz_#f_qyn)\q;CC:fyk3S\QWbZV,vEY=1{:s:=B/+}\]r\k#0C"81! Fluency in identifying the individual sounds/phonemes that make up a word presented orally. What is the Taxonomy of Intervention Intensity? The Correct Letter Sounds (CLS) is the number of letter sounds produced correctly. dibels.uoregon.edu Green subtests with blue composite: Some students who score near the top of the green (at benchmark) range on all subtests may end up with a composite score in the blue (above benchmark) range. If yes, fill in data for each subgroup with disaggregated validity of the slope data. What is a nonsense word? You will take turns administering NWF to a child in the winter of First Grade. This coefficient represents the extent to which the NWF CLS score is related to important reading outcomes. Melt the butter over medium heat in a large skillet and turn, See John 1:9, Moroni 7:16, Doctrine and Covenants 84:45-46, and 93:2. NWF-CLS: Nonsense Word Fluency Correct Letter Sounds ORF-A: Oral Reading Fluency- Accuracy. Technical support is available from the DIBELS Data System at the University of Oregon, https://dibels.uoregon.edu (phone: 1-888-497-4290, email: [email protected], hours of operation: 6:00am to 5:30pm Pacific Time, Monday through Friday). *In the table(s) below, report the results of the reliability analyses described above (e.g., model-based evidence, internal consistency or inter-rater reliability coefficients). NCII administrators and members of our Technical Review Committees have reviewed the content on this page, but NCII cannot guarantee that this information is free from error or reflective of recent changes to the product. First grade goals fall, winter and spring are 24, 50 and 50 respectively. It assesses knowledge of basic letter-sound correspondences and the ability to blend letter sounds into consonant-vowel-consonant (CVC) and vowel-consonant (VC) words. 1400 Crystal Drive, 10th Floor Arlington, VA 22202 Concurrent validity is the correlation between the NWF CLS score and the GRADE Total Test score, both administered at end of year. Thats a fact. At that point, a child reading below 20 words in a minute must receive immediate intervention. 0000003211 00000 n Office of Special Education Programs. These nonsense words are letter sequences that are pronounceable and follow regular phonetic rules, but they have no meaning, such as bif, yom, or mig. Correct Letter Sounds CLS (Correct Letter Sounds) WWR (Whole Words Read) Measure of the alphabetic. For example, the tester would give a student the word "cat" with the instruction that the student needs to say each individual sound in the word. h mCLASS, powered by DIBELS 8th Edition, offers teacher-administered literacy assessments and intervention for grades K-6.. hYM +sL./;0VA\2 For information on how to calculate the composite score, see the DIBELS Next At the beginning of second grade, students still need to be at or above 50 with intervention provided for children below that until they reach goals. The only exception is the Whole Words Read (WWR) score from NWF. prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, sex, national or ethnic origin, age, If the student does not say any correct letter sounds in the first row, the assessment is discontinued and a score of 0 is recorded. h4j0_Eokt e87%!vFJ:;8 8K*#gv2yF_< n%e ^g-RY.g ytdCvsn2qJKN",#r-A{S b`a*gAe?XQTf.QRrE;c .h7o` Op We first obtained an external criterion measure (the GRADE Total Test Raw Score) at the end of the year with a level of performance that would represent adequate reading skills (the GRADE Total Test Raw Score at the 40th percentile rank). What is NWF? hb```b``* B@1V ha` The principle vision for Acadience Reading K-6 is a step-by-step vision. She was a classroom teacher for 12 years and became a national literacy consultant, traveling the country to work with state departments, school districts and at the school level to improve literacy instruction. for Civil Rights. NWF < 15. Let's take a look at a few students. The use of generic CBM methodology is typically referred to as General Outcome Measurement (GOM) (Fuchs & Deno, 1994). Visit us on Facebook What is DIBELS? !Thefinal!answer!is . These students are doing very well and are at very low risk for future reading difficulties. However, teachers should provide intervention for students until they reach the goal of identifying letter names. A benchmark goal indicates a level of skill where the student is likely to achieve the next DIBELS benchmark goal or reading outcome. Benchmark cut points, as well as cut points for intensive intervention, are available at https://dibels.uoregon.edu/docs/marketplace/dibels/DIBELS-6Ed-Goals.pdf. The student is allowed 1 minute to produce as many letter-sounds as she can, and the final score is the number of letter-sounds produced correctly in one minute. The first widely-available edition of DIBELS. Tools and programs have the opportunity to be updated annually or upon request. These entities supply the textual information shown above, but not the ratings accompanying the text. These levels are based on the overall likelihood of achieving specified goals on subsequent Acadience Reading assessments or external measures . Predictive validity for grade 1 is (a) the correlation between beginning-of-year NWF CLS in year 1 and end-of-year ORF Words Correct in year 2 and (b) the correlation between middle-of-year NWF CLS in year 1 and end-of-year ORF Words Correct in year 2. Low risk. Again, the teacher should provide interventions for the children who fall below this goal level. They are designed to be short (one minute) fluency measures that can be used to regularly detect risk and monitor the development of early literacy and early reading skills in kindergarten through eighth grade. The . Getting Ready to Implement Intensive Intervention, Lessons Learned from NCIIs First 5 Years, Clarifying Questions to Create a Hypothesis, Progress Monitoring Data Collection & Graphing Tool, Intensifying Literacy Instruction: Essential Practices, Intensive Intervention in Reading Course Content, Intensive Intervention in Mathematics Course Content, Behavior Support for Intensive Intervention Course Content. The fundamental logic for developing the benchmark goals and cut points for risk was to begin with the external outcome goal and work backward in that step-by- step system. These handouts are designed to be sent home following each benchmark period. LNF assesses a student's ability to say the names of upper and lowercase letters in the alphabet. If yes, fill in data for each subgroup with disaggregated reliability of the slope data. DIBELS 8th Edition represents the culmination of decades of research into supporting students in becoming successful readers. *In the table(s) below, report the results of the reliability analyses described above (e.g., internal consistency or inter-rater reliability coefficients). Most data-management services will calculate the The final combined sample included approximately 2,765,000 students from 8,805 schools within 2,211 school districts in all 50 states and the District of Columbia, representing every census region in the United States. Standardized directions are used to ask the student to read the make-believe words the best they can, reading either the whole word or saying any sounds they know. Students receive an overall ranking of Intensive (Red), Strategic (Yellow), or Core (Green) to show what type of support is needed.

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