In order to optimize the harvested biomass, Rhodes grass hay is generally harvested at an advanced maturity stage. Last edited on 28 February 2022, at 23:38, "Perennial pastures for Western Australia", http://www.fao.org/wairdocs/ilri/x5536e/x5536e10.htm#establishment_of_improved_forages_in_natural_pastures, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chloris_gayana&oldid=1074574465, This page was last edited on 28 February 2022, at 23:38. Hancock Seed is dedicated to helping you find the best seed for your project. Bromus wildenowii - Prairie Grass. Factsheet PP91. Diploid Rhodes grasses are characterised by: Well managed diploid Rhodes grass can produce over 20 t/ha of dry matter per year, with no oxalate or prussic acid problems. They are later flowering and less cold tolerant. [5]:3. It also reduced NDF content. Chloris gayana is a species of grass known by the common name Rhodes grass. Easily established. Effect of wet treatment with sodium hydroxide on chemical composition and dry matter digestibility. In Kenya, intake of Rhodes grass decreased with maturity in grazing growing Friesian and Ayshire heifers (Abate et al., 1981). New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, AgNote DPI-298, 3rd Ed. It is a stoloniferous grass spreading by means of stolons or runners. Scotts Lawn Builder 750g Superstrike Hardwearing Lawn Seed. Rhodes Grass should not be grazed the first year, but once established can support rotational or continuous grazing. Rhodes grass varXTozi Chloris gayana Finger grass, Kunth Graminaceae Description Rhodes grass (chlorisgayana)var XTozi is a leafy perennial and grows to a height of between 30150cm, depending on ecological zone, soil conditions and prevailing climatic conditions. In: Pturages et alimentation des ruminants en zone tropicale humide, 65-76. Rhodes grass, abyssinian Rhodes grass, Callide Rhodes grass, common Rhodes grass [English]; chloris, herbe de Rhodes [French]; capim de Rhodes [Portuguese]; grama de Rodas, pasto de Rodas, pasto Rhodes, zacate gordura [Spanish]; rhodesgras [Afrikaans]; koro-korosan [Philippines/Tagalog]; banuko [Philippines/Ilokano]; [Chinese]; [Japanese]. Permit 11163 provides a range of herbicide options for use with optical sprayers. Drought Tolerant; Hardy; Sports; Quick view View Product; Elite Backyard Blend $ 45.00 - $ 324.40 incl. Seeds follow in spring to early summer and are 4-6 mm long and flat. Chloris gayana can be a good option for a farmer when it comes to trying to solve these problems. An application of paraquat + amitrole soon after an early harvest can provide good control and be followed with a residual herbicide, such as Balance applied ahead of a chickpea crop, to extend the control into the summer months. Theyre also well adapted to low rainfall and because of their aggressive root systems, they can outcompete other crops and vegetation for water and nutrients. Stn, 77-80. In Mauritius,Chloris gayanagave the lowest growth rate in a comparison of 7 forages offered to growing rabbits as fresh forage in addition to a limited quantity of concentrate(Ramchurn, 1979). Yates 1kg Tuffgrass Lawn Seed. By providing your personal information to WeedSmart you are agreeing WeedSmart may use your information for the primary purpose of contacting you about WeedSmarts activities, including receiving newsletters and participating in surveys in accordance with the. . However, cows stocked at stocking rates higher than 3.5 cows/ha could not maintain live-weight during the 18-week experiment, and it was recommended to increase the level of supplementation for high stocking rates (Ehrlich et al., 2003b). However, hay alone is unlikely to meet the nutritional requirements of productive ruminants and must, therefore, be supplemented (Mero et al., 1998;Mtenga et al., 1990; Mupangwa et al., 2000; Osuga et al., 2012). Supplementation, when forage is of low quality, was recommended in order to sustain an average daily gain of 550 g/d (Abate et al., 1981). Once on a property it can spread easily on machinery and along irrigation channels.. Agric. They flourish in cool conditions and can grow 50-90 cm in height, although they are often shorter in lawn situations. In Australia,Chloris gayanafed at a late stage of maturity was fed to lactating cows of moderate yield, generally with supplementation. Itis grazed, cut for hay or used as deferred feed but it is not suitable for silage. It can be sown from spring to early autumn. "Often the first obvious sign of feathertop Rhodes grass will be a few large plants with the seed head 'skeletons' pointing toward the sky," he says. While it can be successful at lower annual averages (as low as 500mm in NSW), it is not suited to areas of very high rainfall (more than 1,800 mm/yr). We need your help to keep providing reference-based feeding recommendations for your animals. The flower spikes are green or purple and crowded along the tip of the stalk. This is particularly useful if there has been a blow-out in FTR grass numbers. Feedipedia is encountering funding shortage. Food Western Australia. What can I do to control FTR grass that establishes under the crop? Makes good hay if cut at or just before very early flowering. Bulk discounts automatically applied at checkout! Wise up to your weed status. This perennial weed forms a large clump of tufted grass with short underground rhizomes. This permit states that a fallow application must be applied to small weeds and followed with paraquat within 10 days. Personal communication. Tropical perennial grasses root depths, growth and water use efficiency. NSW Industry and Investment, Primefacts N 1027, Mutetikka, D. B. ; Carles, A. Trop. Dept. The spikelets (over 32) are densely imbricated and have two awns. These options are non-selective, so you will need to take care when spraying or applying near plants you dont want killed. Are you weed smart? Feed Sci. Maturity, and Plant Height in Rhodes Grass." Crop Sci. It is now an emerging weed across the southern and western grains regions of Australia. - Effects of inoculation with lactic acid bacteria on the bacterial communities of Italian ryegrass, whole crop maize, guinea grass and rhodes grass silages. Barnyard Grasses are a common weed of lawns, garden beds, crops and pastures, drains and waterways. Agric., 39 (3): 307-316, Holm, J., 1971. The seeds can also remain viable in the soil for up to three years. [9] Chloris gayana can be undersown to maize after final weeding of the crop without affecting maize grain yield. Chloris gayanais a full sunlight species which does not grow well under shade (Ecocrop, 2014; FAO, 2014; Cook et al., 2005). The seeds establish readily on a well-prepared seed-bed. Agronomo agronomist, Andrew Storrie says prolific seed production and its ability to withstand herbicides makes this weed difficult, but not impossible, to control. Effect of different cutting patterns on production and nutritive value of six grasses and six legumes. Knowing the different types will allow a farmer to choose what is best for their situation. Share it with your friends so they can enjoy it too! Ordering more than 250 lbs. It has an attractive blue-green color which can turn slightly purple in the Queensland Winter. Several trials have shown that supplementation with a protein-rich source resulted in higher animal performance (Mtenga et al., 1990;Mupangwa et al., 2000;Osuga et al., 2012). Its low oxalate concentration make it a suitable pasture grass for horses while its hay is widespread in animal production and milk production, where it is used as a secondary crop after alfalfa. The nutritive value is also influenced by the season (Mbwile et al., 1997a) and variety (Mero et al., 1997; Milford et al., 1968). Growth performance and carcass characteristics of Tanzanian goats fed, Mupangwa, J. F. ; Ngongoni, N. T. ; Topps, J. H. ; Hamudikuwanda, H., 2000. Its greenish-brown seed-heads are borne at the tops of the stems. Revista da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinaria e Zootecnia da Universidade de Sao Paulo, 19 (2): 167-172, Lucci, CS. You can also give us a call at (800) 552-1027. Legumes: Carbon Buster stylo, burgundy bean, butterfly pea, glycine, lotononis, lucerne, medics, serradella, siratro, and white clover. The stand begins to produce valuable forage within 6 months, though the highest yield is obtained during the second year of cultivation (FAO, 2014;Cook et al., 2005). Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana) is a summer-growing, stoloniferous perennial, whose runners provide good soil cover for erosion control. Mero, R. N. ; Udn, P., 1997. It spreads readily by seed and runners. There are various options to control Nutgrass in lawns, garden beds, paths and rockeries. Crude protein levels vary with age of regrowth and level of available soil nitrogen, from about 17% (on a DM basis) in very young leaf, to 3% in old leaves. Soc. https://www.feedipedia.org/node/480 Last updated on April 15, 2016, 14:23, Feedipedia - Animal Feed Resources Information System - INRAE CIRAD AFZ and FAO 2012-2022 | Copyright | Disclaimer | Login | Logout, Tables of chemical composition and nutritional value, English correction by Tim Smith (Animal Science consultant) and Hlne Thiollet (AFZ). In Western Australia, Rhodes grass has become one of the most widely sown subtropical grasses since 2000 (Moore, 2006). necessary quantity. Warm season perennial bunchgrass Its seasonal growth is in the spring and summer and its rainfall requirement is 600750mm per year. The nutritive value of Rhodes grass assessed by NDF, protein andin vitroOM digestibility was found to be similar to that of the tropical grassesCenchrus ciliaris, Bothriochloa insculpta andPanicum coloratum all sampled at the same stage of maturity (Mero et al., 1997). of seed? J. Exp. Crow's Foot Grass is generally an annual (lives and dies within a year) and sometimes a short-lived perennial (lives longer than a year). The inflorescences are finely branched, with small ovoid flower spikelets (3mm long) which can be green, purplish or red. Each spikelet in the raceme is a few millimeters long and contains one or two fertile florets and up to four sterile florets. [5]:1[5]:3 Katambora is meant for hay production because it is leafier, finer-stemmed, and produces better dry matter. Hawaii, CTAHR Ext. B. ; Mott, J. J., 1999. We provide reliable and cost effective systems The above-mentioned Brome Grasses are the most common of the Brome Grass. . Using it as a cover crop improves soil structure, water infiltration and water-holding capacity, and its development lowers soil temperature during summer (Valenzuela et al., 2002). For the control of Nutgrass in the lawn and garden, spot-spray with Yates Zero Ultra Tough Ready-to-Use. Once established, C. gayana often grows to form almost pure stands that smother native species. It can carry about 1 4 beasts/ha depending on pasture productivity and size of animal. Dealing with a feathertop Rhodes grass problem? Feed resources in Ethiopia. In a comparison of temperate and tropical forages,Chloris gayanawas found to have an NDF content similar to that of Cenchrus ciliaris,but much higher than that of temperate forage species such as fescue, ryegrass, white clover and alfalfa. Irrigation control is fundamental to profitable Avg: average or predicted value; SD: standard deviation; Min: minimum value; Max: maximum value; Nb: number of values (samples) used. Many growers are using Group A knockdown herbicides but this could be a short-lived option. Andrew Storrie, Agronomo agronomist says growers need to look for the Archilles Heel of hard to kill weeds like sowthistle, flaxleaf fleabane and feathertop Rhodes grass. DPIFQ, 2007. Our reputation is that of being Rhodes grass. It can grow in many types of habitat. Height:2 - 5 feet Rhodes grass hay cut early (21 days of regrowth) had a high nutritive value, comparable to that of fresh Rhodes grass (Tagari et al., 1977). Rhodes grass is commonly found on roadsides and other areas of disturbance throughout the tropics and subtropics. J. Appl. 3. A.; Said, A. N.; Dzowela, B. H. The digestibility and intake of six varieties of Rhodes grass (, Moore, G., 2006. Trop. Chloris gayana can be sown alone or in combination with various other grasses such as Paspalum dilatatum, Setaria sphacelata, Cenchrus ciliaris or slower growing cultivars of Guinea grass (Megathyrsus maximus) (Cook et al., 2005). Seeds can be broadcasted or shallow-drilled (5-10 mm depth) during fall. Blair Rains, A., 1963. management is imperative. It forms tufts and can spread into wide monotypic stands. J. Agric. Sowing/planting rates as single species Hancock Seed harvests, produces & exports the highest quality seed. Rhodes grass is a perennial or annual tropical grass. pricing! pap., Samaru (Nigeria), No. Rhodes grass grows on a wide range of soils from poor sandy soils to heavy clayey alkaline and saline soils (more than 10 dS/m). Rep. Hawaii agric. ; Nogueira Filho, J. C. M. ; Borelli, V., 1983. Agric. Univ. CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group, Boca Raton, USA, Raharjo, Y.; Cheeke, P. R.; Patton, N. M.; Supriyati, K., 1986. Cornell Univ., Dept. Echinochloa colona - Awnless Barnyard Grass. Leaves are long, thin, and green with slightly hairy edges (margins). and adapted to a large range of soil conditions and soil types. The association of Rhodes grass with a number of legumes has been shown to improve yields. Rhodes Grass should not be grazed the first year, but once established can support rotational or continuous grazing. Summer perennial grass. Scotts Lawn Builder 750g Superstrike Easycare Lawn Seed. Rhodes Grass can produce forage for livestock and wildlife, and provide nesting cover for game birds. Herbicide susceptibility Improvement of nutritive value of tropical grasses by physical or chemical treatment. Anim. Did you find the information you were looking for? [5]:3 Diploid types of Chloris gayana in general show good frost tolerance, salt tolerance, and drought tolerance. It rarely invades natural areas. 1 Prepare your soil. All are generally less affected than are green or gatton panics. Product Information Effect of different species and mixtures of pastures on milk production. Scotts Lawn Builder 2.5kg Grub And Insect Control Slow Release Fertiliser. Need help ordering 250 lbs. Alternatively, you could apply the product usingYates Zero Weeding Brush. However, seleniferous plantsare not readily eaten by most animals due to their bitter taste and strong odour, and tend to be consumed only when other forage is sparse (Cornell University, 2014). Seeding rates: New Lawns: 10 grams per square meter (2kgs/100m2). For. As a general rule, it is best to choose a suitable sowing time for any associated legume. $39.99, $44.99 Both Annual and Perennial Ryegrass species are upright clumping grasses made up of dark green glossy leaves that are tinged purple at the base. (59) $37 .98. Effect of ammonia treatment on chemical composition and dry matter digestibility. However, the evolution of milk production during the experiment was not reported, although the cows produced 8.7 kg milk/d at the beginning of the experiment (Mbwile et al., 1997b). It could make a valuable seed bed for horticultural crops such as zucchini, cabbage, bulb onions, and eggplant, as it provides organic matter and protection from wind and sun to the vegetables (Valenzuela et al., 2002). Its low oxalate concentration make it a suitable pasture grass for horses while its hay is widespread in . Just be careful not to spray nearby lawns or plants as it may injure or kill them. Proceedings of the Australian Society of Animal Production. In Tanzania, goats fed a low proteinChloris gayanahay (5.7-7.7% DM) were supplemented with concentrates containing between 10-18% DM protein. 1. In late spring to early autumn spray weeds with Yates Zero Triple Strike Garden Weedkiller Concentrate - it's glyphosate-free and kills weeds fast, roots and all. agriculture in our areas of operation. Crop competition is a quiet achiever in weed control that also has a synergistic effect when applied with other tactics. Ordering a lot of seed? Read more to find out how Farmer Direct brings you the best seed at the best prices. - Studies at and in association with the Rowett Research Organization, Bucksburn, Aberdeen, UK. Rhodes grass does better on fertile, well-structured soils and it prefers soil pH between 5.5 and 7.5. Let us offer you our best Farmer Direct Annual winter legumes are favoured by heavily grazing the pasture in late summer. III: Effect of feeding level on digestibility and voluntary intake of four grasses by sheep. In particular, the stems and leaf sheaths of Rhodes grass andCenchrus ciliariscontain a very high amount of NDF and lignin, and have a lowin vitrodigestibility compared to that of most temperate forages. Suggestions will appear below the field as you type, Please sign inor create an accountto use Project Lists, Lawn Grow 1kg All Purpose Coated Lawn Seed, Burnets 1kg Green Supreme Uncoated Lawn Seed, Scotts Lawn Builder 750g Superstrike Easycare Lawn Seed, Scotts Lawn Builder 750g Superstrike Hardwearing Lawn Seed, Scotts Lawn Builder 750g Superstrike Hot And Dry Lawn Seed, Burnets 1kg Wearwell Hardwearing Lawn Seed, Burnets 500g Wearwell Hardwearing Lawn Seed, Burnets 20kg Wearwell Hardwearing Lawn Seed, Burnets 5kg Wearwell Hardwearing Lawn Seed, Burnets 5kg Green Supreme Uncoated Lawn Seed, Burnets 20kg Green Supreme Uncoated Lawn Seed, Burnet's 20kg Boston Green Uncoated Lawn Seed, Plan out the products you need for your project, Add your completed Project List directly to your cart. Effects of age and season on growth and nutritive value of Rhodes grass (, Mbwile, R. P. ; Udn, P., 1997. J. Japan. CSIRO, DPI&F(Qld), CIAT and ILRI, Brisbane, Australia, Cornell University, 2014. Grassl. Grassl., 42: 112-119, Jones, R. J., 1981. It is native to Africa but it can be found throughout the tropical and subtropical world as a naturalized species. Seeds contain a small dark brown grain (caryopsis), with 2 million caryopses/kg.. Seedhead: Mostly a single (sometimes double) circle of radiating light, greenish brown (ripening to darker brown) branches 4 15cm long. Mulching might help establishment after sowing. Few pests or diseases of economic importance. Although the light seed is wind dispersed, most seed will fall within five metres of the parent plant, making patch management a viable control option. A searchable catalogue of grass and forage legumes. Rhodes grass is generally harvested for hay at a late stage of maturity, when the protein content is low, in the 5-8% DM range (Mtenga et al., 1990). Seed persistence (%) of feathertop Rhodes grass and windmill grass (Chauhan and Manalil, unpublished data) Crop competition effect on weed growth and seed production or more? Grassl., 31 (6): 549-555, Mero, R. ; Uden, P., 1998. Plant morphological characteristics and resistance to simulated trampling. talk to us Learn More Talk to Experts Awnless Barnyard Grass is a low-growing tufted weed that grows up to 1 m tall. FAO, Rome, Italy, French, M. H., 1943. Another important feature of Chloris gayana can be found in its salt tolerance. Reapply every 10-14 days if regrowth occurs. It invades disturbed ground and is a weed of cultivation. Purple egg-shaped tubers or nuts usually 1-2 cm long form on the rhizomes and are the energy store from which new shoots and rhizomes are produced. Scotts Lawn Builder 1.4kg Lawn Thickener Lawn Seed. Product Detail Exp. 1982, 104. To avoid overspray, when spraying keep the nozzle as close to the weed as possible. FTR grass is an annual plant that flowers within three to four weeks of germinating and will keep tillering and producing seed while soil moisture is available, he says. It is also cultivated in some areas as a palatable graze for animals and a groundcover to reduce erosion and quickly revegetate denuded soil. Anim. Revista da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinaria e Zootecnia da Universidade de Sao Paulo, 20 (1): 53-56, Mbwile, R. P. ; Udn, P., 1997. Should be grown in conjunction with a legume pasture. Just be careful not to spray nearby lawns or plants as it may injure or kill them. Quality drops rapidly with onset of seeding. Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana) Rhodes grass is a tufted perennial, usually stoloniferous (varies with genotype), with foliage from 0.5-1.2 m, and fertile tillers from 0.9-2 m tall. In Kenya, a comparison of Rhodes grass, sweet potato vines and dried maize leaves showedthat Rhodes grass gave the lowest growth rate, particularly when the concentrate was limited (Mutetikka et al., 1990). We dont blame you! [12]:2 Chloris gayana can also be mixed with legumes such as cowpea, stylo, and alfalfa which also improves soil nutrient levels. Progressive Seeds Pty Ltd Ojeda, F. ; Caceres, O. ; Luis, L. ; Esperance, M. ; Santana, H., 1989. Join the Yates Garden Community to receive personalised monthly emails, and hear about exclusive promotions and giveaways. The culms are tufted or creeping, erect or decumbent, sometimes rooting from the nodes. Investigations into the chemical composition and nutritive value of certain forage plants at medium altitudes in the tropics. II. Sign up for Hancock Seeds email service for exclusive offers and more! The nutritive value of Rhodes grass (, Cook, B. G.; Pengelly, B. C.; Brown, S. D.; Donnelly, J. L.; Eagles, D. A.; Franco, M. A. ; Hanson, J.; Mullen, B. F.; Partridge, I. J.; Peters, M.; Schultze-Kraft, R., 2005. Sowing/planting rates in mixtures There are also products from Nufarm and CropCare registered for application with an optical sprayer. Alternatively, if you prefer a weedkiller that is suitable for use in organic gardens, spray with Yates Nature's Way Organic Weed Killer. Factors affecting the utilization of 'poor-quality' forages by ruminants particularly under tropical conditions. [8]:1128 Understanding the different genetic varieties of Chloris gayana is beneficial to farmers. While buffalo grass can technically be grown from seed, it can be a very tricky process. African J. Seasonal waterlogging over 30 cm kills the plant (FAO, 2014). Nutrition Laboratory, Chiung Mai, Iyeghe-Erakpotobor, G. T. ; Aliyu, R. ; Uguru, J., 2006. Rhodes grass. In a follow-up study, with Holstein-Friesian dairy cows grazing irrigated Rhodes grass pastures (6-week grazing rotation), supplemented with 5 kg of cereal-based concentrate, increasing the stocking rate from 3.5 to 6.1 cows/ha had no effect on milk production. Scotts Lawn Builder 1kg Tough Custom Grass Seed. Rhodes Grass, also known as Feathertop Rhodes Grass, is a large clumping perennial or annual weed that grows up to 1 m tall. CSIRO, Division of Tropical Crops and Pastures, Annual Report 1981 82. Plants can spread into neighbouring areas via their creeping stems or stolons. Annual Ryegrass is an easy to establish grass, bred to provide quick winter pastures and, with sufficient moisture, seeds will even germinate when broadcast on top of established lawns or pastures. Rhodes Grass can produce forage for livestock and wildlife, and provide nesting cover for game birds. Nutrient digestibility and effect of heat treatment. Click the link below to get your free quote started. Env. Rhodes Grass is a native warm-season perennial Bunchgrass, reaching height of 2 to 5 ft. and produces feathery seed heads, 1 to 2 in. It has a similar appearance to a genuine Couch grass, but with a wider leaf blade that tapers into a pointy tip. Feedipedia is encountering funding shortage. Time of harvest and the sensitivity of variety to leaf shattering can have an important effect on the chemical composition of hay, and particularly on the crude protein content (Haffar et al., 1997). In: Xand A. et Alexandre G. (eds), Pturages et alimentation des ruminants en zone tropicale humide, INRA Publications, Versailles, 31-44, rskov, E. R. ; Nakashima, Y. ; Abreu, J. M. F. ; Kibon, A. ; Tuah, A. K., 1992. Dairy cows grazing irrigated Rhodes grass pasture (2 to 6 weeks regrowth, after the 2ndor 3rdcut) mulched at least once a year produced more than 14.3 kg/d of milk when supplemented with 5 kg of cereal-based concentrate per cow at a stocking rate up to 3.7 cows/ha (Ehrlich et al., 2003a). Brisbane, Australia, Kennedy, P. M., 1989. SA-CC-3, Manoa, Hawaii, Walker, C. A., 1975. However, the nutritional quality of Chloris gayana steeply declines with maturity: the crude protein decreases to 9-10% after 10 weeks of regrowth, and can be lower than 8% after 15 weeks (Milford et al., 1968), then Rhodes grass becomes protein-deficient for ruminants (Leng, 1990). Feathertop Rhodes grass seed is relatively short-lived in the soil, so with a dedicated approach it is possible to run down the seed bank reasonably quickly., Often the first obvious sign of feathertop Rhodes grass will be a few large plants with the seed head skeletons pointing toward the sky, he says. None recorded. Once established, Rhodes Grass is extremely drought-tolerant, and does not tolerate cold temperatures. Queensland J. Agric. Germination Time:5 - 7days, under optimal conditions Ensiling of Rhodes grass has been little studied, since it is difficult to ensile due to its high moisture coupled with low contents of water-soluble carbohydrates, similar to other tropical grasses (Parvin et al., 2010). In: Kategile, J. It is commonly established from seed. It is a useful forage for pasture and hay, drought-resistant and very productive, of high quality when young. We need your help to keep providing reference-based feeding recommendations for your animals. Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries of Queensland, Land Protection (Invasive Plants and Animals), Biosecurity Queensland. Chloris gayana roots are able to extract water at a depth of 4.25 meters. It was introduced as stock feed or fodder for cattle sheep. Have a Question? Longer answer: FTR grass invasion often begins with a few mother plants. Aumont et al., 1991; Bwire et al., 2003; CIRAD, 1991; Dzowela et al., 1990; French, 1943; Hassan et al., 1979; Hassoun, 2009; Holm, 1971; Mbwile et al., 1997; Mlay et al., 2006; Shem et al., 1999; Singh et al., 1992; Tagari et al., 1977; Todd, 1956; Todd, 1956; Todd, 1956; Walker, 1975; Work, 1937, CIRAD, 1991; El-Hag et al., 1992; French, 1943; Gartner et al., 1975; Hassoun, 2009; Holm, 1971; Holm, 1971; Kategile et al., 1988; Kennedy et al., 1992; Mahgoub et al., 2005; Mandibaya et al., 1999; Milford et al., 1968; Minson, 1971; Mtenga et al., 1990; Mupangwa et al., 2000; Ondiek et al., 1999; Osuga et al., 2012; Rees et al., 1980; Richard et al., 1989; Shem et al., 1999; Todd, 1956, Blair Ralns, 1963; CIRAD, 1991; Hassoun, 2009, Heuz V., Tran G., Boudon A., Lebas F., 2016.
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