[19], When the Alamo Cenotaph was created by Pompeo Coppini in 1939, the 187 defender names on the monument came from the research of Amelia Williams,[20] considered the leading Alamo authority of her day. Nearly 350 rebels were executed in the Goliad Massacre, almost twice as many as were killed at the siege of the Alamo. Fragments of flesh, bones and charred wood and ashes revealed it in all of its terrible truth, recalled Pablo Diaz, who as a young man had been forced to gather wood that day. So much of what we know about the battle is provably wrong. In the pursuit of uncovering every infinitesimal piece of evidence about what happened during the battle, more thorough research methods continue to evolve and Tejanos have begun to add their voices. Groneman (1990), pp. Groneman (1990), p. 53; Moore (2007), p. 100. Legend claims that Seguin collected the ashes and placed them in a casket covered with black. Groneman (1990), p. 62; Lindley (2003), p. 143. Esparza's brother Francisco was a soldier in the Mexican army and received permission from Santa Anna for a Christian burial. Copyright 1996-2023 Doug Kirby, Ken Smith, Mike Wilkins. It was only during the siege that the Texas Congress declared an independent Republic of Texas. I magine if the U.S. were to open interior Alaska for colonization and, for . The pyres were on opposite sides of what is now East Commerce Street, one where the now-demolishedHalff building sat, and the other on the site of the old Ludlow house, according to the newspapers account. Most Tejanos evacuated from the fortress about February 25, either as part of the amnesty, or as a part of Juan Segun's company of courier scouts on their last run. For 13 days, 189 brave and determined patriots withstood Santa Anna's . A Strong-willed Texan Scout Joined the Confederacy at 15. Lindley (2003), p. 90; Groneman (1990), pp. Battle Of The Alamo - HistoryNet 8586. Segun became the first Tejano to serve in the new Republic's Senate. 5254, 100. And the battle of the Alamo was not fought to the last man, as many of the defenders of the Alamo escaped. Lindley (2003), p. 144; Groneman (1990), p. 32. San Antonio remained a Mexican town. Bodies of fallen Mexican soldiers were buried or dumped in the San Antonio River. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our, Digital Myths still surround Alamo 179 years later - mySA The event is free and open to the public. In the fall of 1837, he collected and interred the remains of the Alamo defenders. Henry Woodson Strong scouted for famed Indian fighter Ranald S. Mackenzie. [18] In an 1860 statement for the Texas Almanac, former San Antonio alcalde (mayor) Francisco Antonio Ruiz set the number at 182. 3536; Todish (1998), p. 78; Moore (2007), p. 100. The other pyre, which was of equal width, was about eighty feet long and was laid out in the same direction, but was on the opposite side and on property now owned by Dr. Ferdinand Herff Sr., about 250 yards southeast of the first pyre, this property being known as the site of the old Post House or the Springfield House (334 E. Commerce St.). [13] In the following decades, the public wanted to know the location of the burial site, but Segun gave conflicting statements, perceived as due to age-related memory problems. [Note 1] Over the course of the next several days, new volunteers arrived inside the fortress while others were sent out as couriers, to forage for food, or to buy supplies. He sent a company of dragoons with me to bring wood and dry branches from the neighboring forests. He directed the Alcalde, Ruiz, to have built two immense wooden pyres. A number of Texians known to have died at the Alamo are listed among the wounded on a muster roll after that December engagement. p. 236; Todish (1998), p. 85. Groneman (2001), p. 1; The Alamo was under Sam Houston's authority as commander-in-chief of the paid army, which included Neill, Bowie, Travis and Crockett. 3 Bodies Found Inside Alamo Cathedral, Reigniting Dispute Over Native An hour later, all combatants inside the Alamo were dead. Among those buried in the mission compound before or during the 13-day siege may be men who succumbed to wounds suffered during the December 1835 Siege of Bxar. [9] Although Santa Anna refused to consider a proposed conditional surrender, he extended an offer of amnesty for all Tejanos inside the fortress to walk away unharmed. A chain-enclosed 10-foot-square area at Odd Fellows Cemetery on the near East Side is where August Biesenbach, San Antonio city clerk in the early 1900s, recalled Alamo defenders being buried decades earlier, midway between the monuments of two Texas Rangers Capt. Alamo Defenders Burial Oration --1837 - Sons of DeWitt Colony For years, many people who visit San Fernando have reported seeing faces appear in the exterior walls of the church. More, National Cryptologic Museum, Annapolis Junction, Maryland (Feb 27-Mar 5, 2023). [12], Juan Segun oversaw the 1837 recovery of the abandoned ashes and officiated at the February 25 funeral. His definitive cry, "Victory or Death," ensured that Texans remembered the Alamo. Meanwhile, further evidence strongly suggests other Alamo defenders may have escaped Santa Annas funeral pyres. The Alamo is the property of the State of Texas, and Columns > Remembering The Alamo Todish (1998), p. 84; Moore (2007), p. 100. Although there had been previous plans for Alamo monuments, starting in the late 1800s, the Alamo Cenotaph was the first such erected in San Antonio. At one point the Ludlow House was the home of the Salvation Army chapel, and an old photo shows the plaque on the building then. On March 28, 1837, an official public ceremony was conducted to give a Christian burial to the ashes. . Among the remains were two femur bones between stained ground amid an alignment of nails and wood fragments. Groneman (1990), pp. This brings the total number of New York Alamo defenders to eleven. Two days later, only a few skulls and limbs were left, and after being exposed for several more days, a small pit was dug in what is now the Ludlow front yard where the remains were buried. Terry Scott Bertling / San Antonio Express-News. Some statues are recognizable from their former locations at SeaWorld and the Henry B. Gonzalez Convention Center, while others were crafted specifically for the Alamo Sculpture Trail, following the footpath from the Briscoe Western Art Museum to the Alamo. In all probability the military buried them out of respect. 374, 377. After accepting the formal surrender of Mexican forces at San Antonio, Seguin oversaw the burial ceremonies for the Alamo defenders' ashes. Groneman (1990), p. 97; Nofi (1992), pp. U.S. Army Capt. 9293; Groneman (2001), pp. 101102; Todish (1998), p. 90. This day February 24, in 1836 the Alamo defenders called for help On February 24, 1836, in San Antonio, Texas, Colonel William Travis issues a call for help on behalf of the Texan troops . View Source Suggest Edits Memorial Photos Flowers Memorials Region North America USA Texas Bexar County San Antonio The Alamo Defenders of the Alamo Memorial Maintained by: Find a Grave Added: 22 Aug 2000 The Ludlow House, a three-story red brick boarding house built in about 1901, was razed in 1938 for a parking lot and later a Joskes tire outlet that was demolished in 1984. But none of the items was identified as being human remains, and none had evidence of burning, according to the UTSA report. Mexican Colonel Juan Almonte, Santa Anna's aide-de-camp, recorded the Texian fatality toll as 250 in his March 6 journal entry. No such mass grave has ever been found. No concentrations of ash or charcoal were found. In time, as we know now, they put away their suitcases and brought out their guns. Nothing is wanted but money, he wrote in a pair of 1832 letters, and Negros are necessary to make it. Each time a Mexican government threatened to outlaw slavery, many in Austins colony began packing to go home. Remains thought to be those of the Alamo defenders were discovered at the Cathedral of San Fernando during the Texas 1936 centennial, and re-interred in a marble sarcophagus. [3] Later research has shown some listed on the cenotaph were not there, and the total of Alamo combatants has risen with newer research. Seguin remained in the army after the revolution. The Cathedral is about a mile west of the Alamo, facing Main Plaza (the heart of the city), just west of the river, between W. Market and W. Commerce Sts. The murky fate of the Texian dead grows murkier after human remains turn up inside the famed San Antonio mission chapel, https://www.historynet.com/skeletons-in-buckskin-at-the-alamo/, Jerrie Mock: Record-Breaking American Female Pilot, When 21 Sikh Soldiers Fought the Odds Against 10,000 Pashtun Warriors. Built by Spanish missionaries during the eighteenth century, the Alamo was constructed as mission and fortress for converting Native Americans to Christianity. 2627; Lindley (2003), p. 202. 7273; Moore (2004), p. 60. If thats not the version of history youre familiar with, youre not alone. William Travis never drew any line in the sand; this was a tale concocted by an amateur historian in the late 1800s. Lindley (2003), pp. 94, 112; Moore (2004), p. 60. Regardless, what became of those Alamo skeletons in buckskin? Ranger Essentials Coffee Company on LinkedIn: This day February 24, in The Irish National Flag stands in a place of honor inside The Alamo in recognition of the largest ethnic group to defend that icon of independence. Nonprofit journalism for an informed community. Who survived the Alamo? - HISTORY Time had not yet given perspective to the event of the fall of the Alamo nor had it placed highlights upon the sublime death of its defenders.. It was Antonio Lpez de Santa Anna, not Jose Lopez de Santa Anna. In the end, the siege at the Alamo ended up costing him all of four days. It is some sixty odd years, ago that the Springfield house was built, and sixty years is time enough for many changes to occur. A marble plaque in the 600 block of East Commerce Street, next to a street-level pedestrian bridge over the River Walk and across the street from the Shops at Rivercenter mall parking garage, marks the general area where two funeral pyres are believed to have burned after the 1836 Battle of the Alamo. In an internal email dated Dec. 4, 2019, archaeologist Kristi Miller Nichols noted the discovery of the remains of three people during excavation work within the Alamo chapel. After twelve days Santa Anna, tired of waiting for his heavy artillery and eager for a glorious victory to enhance his reputation, determined to take the Alamo by storm. For starters, not all of the defenders remains wound up in Santa Annas funeral pyresa fact generally unknown beyond a small circle of Alamo scholars and enthusiasts. (Image credit: Dean Fikar via Getty Images) The discovery of three. In a short time it will be torn down, a modern business building will take its place; it will have passed away and be forgotten.. Everetts renderings of the Alamo ruins support eyewitness accounts of the battle and its aftermath. [2], In an effort to tamp down on the unrest, martial law was declared and military governor General Martn Perfecto de Cos established headquarters in San Antonio de Bxar, stationing his troops at the Alamo. Alamo preservationist Adina De Zavala wrote in 1917 of four Alamo funeral pyres, including one that tradition says burned in the Alamo courtyard before orders were given to build others to the south, southeast and east by south. Many have drawn from that narrative to conclude that the 1930s Alamo Cenotaph, with sculpted images of flames and text referencing fire that burned their bodies, was built on a funeral pyre site in Alamo Plaza. [21] Her work is still used by some as a benchmark, although skepticism has been voiced. During the 1936 Texas Centennial celebration, the state of Texas provided $100,000 for the monument, commissioned from local sculptor Pompeo Coppini. Three volleys and the blowing of taps ended the ceremony. This event is so significant in my mind that I always try to devote a column that honors the heroism of these men on or around the anniversary of the occasion. The skull resides at the Center for Archaeological Research on the University of Texas San Antonio campus. A chain-enclosed 10-foot-square area there marks the site where Biesenbach said defenders remains were buried, midway between the monuments of two Texas Rangers Capt. We want men and provisions. POTUS landmarks, oddities. Groneman (1990), p. 53; Lindley (2003), p. 144; Moore (2007), p. 100. Now It's Time to Correct the Record. As far as we can tell, Fox and Ivey concluded, the skull is that of a participant in the Battle of the Alamo.. (signed) William Barret Travis, February 23, 1836" Letter to Gonzales alcalde Andrew Ponton. Carrington (1993), pp. Some luridly claimed Bowies bloodstains remained visible on the wall. Mexican dictator Antonio Lpez de Santa Anna had ordered the enemy dead burned and left unburied. Credits, Media/Business Inquiries Historians Jack Jackson and John Wheat attributed that high figure to Santa Anna's playing to his political base. Amos (ancient city) - Wikipedia Do you think the enraged Mexicans gave them decent funerals? Lindley (2003), p. 144; Todish (1998), p. 79. History is a guide to navigation in perilous times. You have reached your limit of 4 free articles. This, by and large, is not the Texas history many of us learned in school; instead, we learned a tale written by Anglo historians beginning in the 19th century. The Alamo sat in ruins until Captain Ralstons intervention in 1846. 53, 58 "Efficient in the Cause" (Stephen L. Harden); Lindley (2003), pp. Final reinforcements were able to enter the Alamo during March 14, most of them from Gonzales which had become a recruitment camp. Santa Anna had told Mexico City he expected to take San Antonio by March 2; he ended up doing so on March 6. 2021; Moore (2004), p. 457. The doctor said the soldiers first fired the chapel interior, dominated by a large, wooden artillery platform extending from the great front doors to the top of the rear wall. Please reload the page and try again. . The locations of the pyres have been described in personal accounts but have not been archaeologically confirmed. The "remains" at the San Fernando Cathedral were placed in . Francisco Antonio Ruiz, the alcalde, later recalled in an account for the 1860 Texas Almanac that Gen. Antonio Lpez de Santa Anna assigned a company of dragoons to build a pyre. Explore their histories here. One defender, Gregorio Esparza, was buried in the Campo Santo (cemetery) in the area of Milam Park. Although a funeral occurred there occasionally, there was always a strict watch kept for Indian assailants. Groneman (1990), p. 80; Moore (2007), p. 100. Born to a prominent San Antonio family, Juan Seguin led a life of service to his community. Lindley (2003), p. 143; Groneman (1990), p. 34. Everetts Alamo watercolors represent some of the earliest artistic depictions of the battle-scarred chapel, including a rear view of its roofless interior with rocks strewn about the dirt floor and weeds growing atop its walls. All rights reserved. Excavations in 1985 unearthed 847 recovered specimens and 245 bone fragments. William Barret Travis accomplished much before his death at the Alamo in 1836. After the battle, and Almeron's death,they were freed to spread the word of what had happened at the Alamo. Lindley (2003), p. 144; Groneman (1990), p. 32; Moore (2007), p. 100. Invariably, visitors asked about the final resting place of the Alamo dead, and locals would motion toward a peach orchard a few hundred yards from the mission fort. 90, 93. Another source of curiosity: reports that charred remains of some defenders may have been interred at San Fernando Cathedral or one of the citys historic East Side cemeteries. Any "box" that might have existed has long since returned to the earth. 4548; Lindley (2003), p. 87. Groneman (2001), p. 1; Lindley (2003), pp. Todish (1998), p. 85; Moore (2007), p. 100.; Davis (2004), p. 143; Todish et al. Alamo researcher Sarah Reveley, a member of the Daughters of the Republic of Texas who has studied information on the pyres and historic maps, believes the two most credible pyre sites are both in downtown parking garages the Ludlow site on the western end of the Shops at Rivercenter garage, and the Springfield site in the area the citys Convention Center garage at 850 E. Commerce St. As for possible burial sites of defenders remains, the location of the oft-cited peach orchard has not been identified. Issuance was dependent upon the military muster lists and either the veterans or their heirs filing a claim, a process that required an upfront fee to complete. The defenders retreated to the now famous Long Barracks and the Chapel and fought to the last man. There, nearly a year after the battle, local authorities had the ashes of the Texian defenders scooped into a lone coffin and interred with military honors. In 1911, San Antonio Express reporter Charles Merritt Barnes wrote of two pyres along Commerce Street, on a property known as the Ludlow House, and another about 250 yards southeast, at the old Post House or Springfield House. It was entitled The Spirit of Sacrifice and incorporates images of the Alamo garrison leaders and 187 names of known Alamo defenders, derived from the research of historian Amelia Williams. Download 100+ Free The Alamo Background Photos & 500,000+ Backgrounds for Free. Ron J. Jackson Jr. is a regular Wild West contributor and the award-winning author of Joe, the Slave Who Became an Alamo Legend (co-authored by Lee Spencer White), Alamo Survivors (also co-authored by Lee Spencer White) and Alamo Legacy: Alamo Descendants Remember the Alamo. The battle was over in less than two hours, leaving great Texas heroes like Jim Bowie, James Butler Bonham, and William Travis dead. When the government tries to collect taxes, they shoot and kill American soldiers. One of the children, now 14 years old, told police that her father had been sexually assaulting her since she was 8. He has been a reporter at the Express-News since 1985, covering a variety of issues, including public safety, criminal justice, flooding, transportation, military, water and the environment. Alamo, The | AmericansAll The issue is controversial. The battle, in fact, should never have been fought. R.S. If so, were they buried inside the chapel where found? About 3 oclock in the afternoon of the next day they commenced laying wood and dry branches upon which a file of dead bodies were placed, more wood was piled on them and another file brought, and in this manner all were arranged in layers. Hermann Lungkwitzs workAlameda,painted between 1874 and 1890, shows trees that are damaged, possibly from the flames of the funeral pyres. The other pyre was in what is now the yard of Dr. Ferdinand Herff Sr.s old Post, or Springfield House. This is too sad for comment.. The Battle of the Alamo (February 23 March 6, 1836) was a crucial conflict of the Texas Revolution. The discovery of various skeletons, skulls and bone fragments over the intervening 185 years indicate the disposal of the Texian dead wasnt as neat and tidy as history books generally portray. Travis arrived at the Alamo in February 1836. Groneman (1990), pp. Although Albert Martin's body was likely burned and his ashes scattered in Texas by the Mexican troops, the cenotaph memorializes his death at the Martin family plot in Providence. [3] When the Texian volunteer soldiers gained control of the fortress at the Siege of Bxar, compelling Cos to surrender on December 9, many saw his expulsion to the other side of the Rio Grande as the end of Mexican forces in Texas. Groneman (1990), pp. Whoops! The ceremony has been long forgotten and the land covered over by buildings, severing our historical connection with these sacred sites. Some were native San Antonians of Mexican heritage who were defending their home. In his diary, Mexican Lt. Col. Jos Enrique de la Pea wrote that within a few hours a funeral pyre rendered into ashes those men who had met their ends in combat.. Bryan Burrough and Jason Stanford are, with Chris Tomlinson, the authors of Forget the Alamo: The Rise and Fall of an American Myth, available now from Penguin Press. Since then, scholars such as Randolph Campbell and Andrew Torget have demonstrated that slavery was the single issue that regularly drove a wedge between early Mexican governmentsdedicated abolitionists alland their American colonists in Texas, many of whom had immigrated to farm cotton, the provinces only cash crop at the time. The Alamo story takes good, solid, loyal little American kids and it converts them into Mexicans.. Yes, my friends, they preferred to die a thousand times rather than . The first published Texian list of casualties was in the March 24, 1836 issue of the Telegraph and Texas Register. It has been said that the sarcophagus in the entrance at the San Fernando Cathedral contains the remains of defenders of the Alamo whose bodies were burned after the 1836 battle. Arnold continued his support of the Texas Revolution as a member of Deaf Smith's spy company in the Battle of San Jacinto. Lindley (2003), p. 144; Groneman (1990), p. 81. He wrote some dramatic letters during the ensuing siege, its true, but how anyone could attest to the defenders bravery is beyond us. 8182. A follow-up email from the archaeologist, dated Jan. 23, 2020, revealed her team had unearthed a concentration of human bones during a separate exploratory dig inside the chapel. But the many myths surrounding Texas birth, especially those cloaking the fabled 1836 siege at the Alamo mission in San Antonio, remain cherished in the state. Each of the Defenders has his own story and reasons for being at the Alamo. "We are honored to partner with the San Antonio Living History Association to present this meaningful ceremony, and to invite the community to join us in paying tribute to the Alamo Defenders." The Dawn at the Alamo event will take place from 6:00 a.m. to 7:00 a.m. on Monday, March 6, 2023, in Alamo Plaza. Marking it were four cuts possibly inflicted by a knife or saber. Groneman (1990), p. 116; Moore (2007), p. 100. [16], Research into the battle, and exactly who was inside the fortress, began when the Alamo fell and has continued with no signs of abatement. The ashes were then placed in a marble tomb and displayed near the entrance of the cathedral, where they remain today. The Alamo is most famous as the site of the Battle of . Imagine if the U.S. were to open interior Alaska for colonization and, for whatever reason, thousands of Canadian settlers poured in, establishing their own towns, hockey rinks and Tim Hortons stores. Strange and amusing destinations in the US and Canada are our specialty. Who were they? A marker on the outside wall of San Fernando Cathedral says remains of Alamo Heroes are entombed inside the cathedral near the entrance. The Alamo (2004) - IMDb Among the defenders that day was Davy Crockett, a former . In 1889 he recalled having had the ashes buried within San Antonios San Fernando Cathedral, in front of the altar railings, but very near the altar steps. Jos Mara Rodriguez, who witnessed the storming of the Alamo as a child, later expressed doubt the ashes had been buried inside the sanctuary without the common knowledge of his fellow parishioners, though a marble sarcophagus just inside the entrance of the present-day cathedral supposedly holds those ashes. Give us assistance. It was probably connected with Lindos which is supported by epigraphic finds from that city. More recent discoveries of human remains at the Alamo extend hope for a more complete accounting of those buried there, perhaps even revealing defenders whose corpses were spared the flames. Many of those were killed by the Mexican army. This is a carousel. In March 2014 Amanda Danning, a noted forensic sculptor who performs facial reconstructions on historic skulls, received special permission to study the Alamo skull. A year later the Texans were in control of San Antonio, and the bones and ashes of the Alamo dead -- still in visible piles -- were shoveled into a large coffin and secretly buried under the altar of what is now the San Fernando Cathedral. Historical experts have said the remains are not likely Alamo defenders, but possibly fallen participants of the 1813 Battle of Rosillo. At the Southwest corner of the Alamo, you are welcomed by Alamo Defender, Jos Toribio Losoya at the location of his family's home. Six Alamo defenders are listed officially as being from New York. beauty and history of the Alamo by supporting us with your donations. [24] In lieu of service pay, the cash-poor Republic of Texas adopted the system of military land grants. Amos (Ancient Greek: , possibly from "sandy") was a settlement of ancient Caria, located near the modern town of Turun, Turkey.. History. He listed the survivors as five women, one Mexican soldier and one slave. Lindley (2003), p. 143; Groneman (1990), p. 24. Yet the suggestion fatigued Mexican soldiers may have rolled some defenders bodies into ditches and hastily covered them with dirt is not absurd. operated by Alamo Trust, Inc., a Texas non-profit Groneman (1990), p. 63; Lindley (2003), p. 144; Moore (2007), p. 100. Last entry is 15 minutes prior to closing, The Alamo is the property of the State of Texas, and "The enemy in large force is in sight. C. Neill, Left after February 25, later served as a baggage guard at the Battle of San Jacinto, Entered March 1 or 4 Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company; namesake of. Youre a Mexican, and always will be. At 4 o'clock on the morning of March 6, 1836, Santa Anna advanced his men to within 200 yards of the Alamo's walls. For example, San Antonio resident Eulalia Yorba recalled being pressed into service to tend to wounded Mexican soldiers. No. Last edited on 28 February 2023, at 16:08, To the People of Texas & All Americans in the World, List of Texian survivors of the Battle of the Alamo, "Telegraph and Texas Register May 28, 1837", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Alamo_defenders&oldid=1142115922, Left on March 5 as the final courier sent from the Alamo, First courier sent out after arrival of Mexican troops on February 23, Adjutant of the garrison, next in command after co-commanders Bowie and Travis, Left February 29 as a courier to Gonzales, unable to enter the Alamo, Courier to Goliad and Gonzales, returned March 3, possibly died manning one of the cannons, Co-commander of the garrison after the departure of James. List of Alamo defenders. During the Texan Revolution, Seguin supported independence. Although Mexican troops launched three separate attacks against the square, they could not take the Texian position. In a March 6, 1836, victory dispatch Santa Anna noted, More than 600 corpses of the foreigners were buried in the ditches and entrenchmentshis bloated estimate of Texian dead as absurd as his burial claim. Dawn at the Alamo Honors Alamo Defenders' Sacrifice in Commemoration of No portion of this document may be reproduced, copied or revised without written permission of the authors. They chose never to surrender nor retreat; these brave hearts, with flag still proudly waving, perished in the flames of immortality that their high sacrifice might lead to the founding of this Texas.[5]. Magazines, Digital 4.Texians formed a square in the middle of the prairie and attempted to defend their position. In 1860, Ruiz recounted what he had seen for the Texas Almanac. 3. The discovery of various skeletons, skulls and bone fragments over the intervening 185 years indicate the disposal of the Texian dead wasnt as neat and tidy as history books generally portray. Battle Of The Alamo Essay - 1004 Words | Internet Public Library On-route maps, 1,000s of photos, special research targets! One, a marble plaque, had been placed through De Zavalas efforts at the Halff Building, then moved to its current location in 1995. [11] The bodies, with the exception of Gregorio Esparza's, were cremated on pyres and abandoned. Poyo (1996), pp. On March 6, 1836, Mexican forces stormed the Alamo, a fortress-like old mission in San Antonio where some 200 rebellious Texans had been holed up for weeks. Further complicating the search for answers is the fact that some of the remains unearthed on the battleground date from the earlier Spanish mission period. 88, 109, 321; Lord (1961), p. 96. With Dennis Quaid, Billy Bob Thornton, Jason Patric, Patrick Wilson. Lindley (2003), p. 143; Groneman (1990), p. 25. Most historians discount Drossaerts claim, although some have suggested the remains could be those of the fallen from the 1813 Battle of Rosillo, fought in defiance of Spanish rule.
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