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Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings. TranslationsRajatarangini was translated into Persian by Zain-ul-Abidin order.There are four English translations of Rjatarangi by: Ranjit Sitaram Pandit Horace Hayman Wilson, secretary of The Asiatic Society of Bengal in the early 19th century, and the first English. He called back the Hindus who had left Kashmir during his father reign and allowed building of temples. Rajatarangini ("The River of Kings") is a metrical legendary and historical chronicle of the north-western part of India, particularly the kings of Kashmir. Uninvolved by and by in the frenzy of contemporary legislative issues, he was significantly impacted by it and expressed the accompanying. In those authorities, Abul Fazl interpreted Ramayana into Persian. it was brilliantly prepared for the work. Rajatarangini 's first translation into a foreign language was as long ago as in the first decade of the 13th century, by Haidar Malik into Persian. Was this answer helpful? This Vikramaditya is not same as the, Shared the administration with his queen. The Journal of Asian Studies His customary applied system, involving careless presumptions and faith in the artists job as a type of moral sayings, makes the glorifying content in his story, especially for the early period, rather predominant. He allowed the Hindus to build their temples and follow the personal law according to the Dharmashastras. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. 1 After his family, Godhara of another family ruled (I.95). No examples found, consider adding one please. [12] These kings ruled Kashmir for 192years. Deccan education society is an organization which runs 43 education establishments in Maharastra, Pune founded by Bal Gangadhar Tilak. The work consists of 7826 verses, which are divided into eight books called Tarangas (waves). Has data issue: true all exact any . Murdered by Radda. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. was Abul Fazl translated the Panch Tantra (Anwar-i-Sahili) and Faizi the story of NalDamayanti into Persian. Note: Muhammad Shah had five separate reigns from 1484 to 1537.[34]. They accepted that this late work was a one-of-a-kind exemption in 3,000 years of Sanskrit abstract culture, which they blamed for totally inadequate regarding a feeling of history even as it had large amounts of sacred writing and folklore. The relative What 3 things do you do when you recognize an emergency situation? The Karkota line came to a close with the usurpation of the throne by Avantivarman, who started the Utpala dynasty in 855. Abul Fazl translated the Panch Tantra (Anwar-i-Sahili) and Faizi the story of Nal-Damayanti into Persian. (I.191) He belonged to. Sanskrit Nothing is known about his origin. Little is known about the author Kalhana (c. 12th century CE), apart from what is written in the book. The translators of Rajatarangini framed the text as more than a solitary example of Indian historical writing; rather, they engaged with it on multiple levels, drawing out, debating, and rethinking the definitions of literature and history and the relative significance of and relationship between them in capturing the identity of the nation and its regions. Toramana's son Pravarasena, who had been brought up in secrecy by his mother Anjana, freed him. Next Sultan of Kashmir was Haji Khan, who succeeded his father Zain-ul-Abidin and took the title of Haidar Khan.[30]. [12] Kashmiri scholar N. K. Zutshi, having critically examined the sources, reconciles the two versions by noting that the Persian chronicles mentions Swadgir rather than Swat, which he interprets as Swadgabar, meaning "suburbs of Gabar", which coincides with Jonaraja's description of Panchagahvara-Simani (on the borders of Panchagagvara). The Lohara family was founded by a Nara of Darvabhisara (IV.712). Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. His descendant Meghavahana later restored the dynasty's rule. Because of this, the Nga chief burnt down the king's city, and the king died in the fire. Died young. After a couple of generations a Vijaya from another family took the throne (II.62). The polar ends of the subcontinent that these two regions represent have been lyrically evoked in the familiar poetic description of himavatsethuparyanthaam. and interdisciplinary publications, both books and journals. Answer: Kalhana was the author of Rajatarangini (River of Kings), an account of the history of Kashmir. the Kambojs and is known in general as a publisher willing to take chances with nontraditional In 1343 CE, Sultan Jamshid suffered a defeat by his brother who ascended the throne as Sultan Alau'd-Din in 1347 CE. Accordingly, translation was no longer confined solitary to an isolated linguistic context and the socio-cultural aspects of translation were emphasized. Who wrote Rajatarangini What does it tell us about? He was known by his subjects as Bod Shah or Budshah (lit. rajatarangini of kalhana vol iv - dr. raghunath singh_part3, rajatarangini of kalhana vol ii - dr. raghunath singh_part3, rajatarangini - shri ramtej shastri pandey_part3. Kalhana states that the valley of Kashmir was formerly a lake. Verse 12. Prominent among them were Kota Bhat and Udyashri. The courtyard of the Jama Masjid, Srinagar. Later, in the time of Firuz, Sanskrit books on medicine and music were translated into Persian. [4] It is known, however, that Mihirakula was the son of Toramana. European Orientalist researchers who concentrated on the text from the mid-nineteenth century onwards called the Rajatarangini the solo work of history legitimate to rise out of old India. The Rajatarangini (in a real sense, River of Kings) is an awe-inspiring sonnet (mahakavya/prabandha) created in the old-style language, Sanskrit. Haksar captured the mystique of Indias coordinates in this couplet: Gonanda was the first king and a contemporary and enemy of the Hindu deity Krishna. Little is known about him except from what he tells us about himself in the opening verses of his book. Who wrote the Rajatarangini class 4th English? Verse 13. Hari Parbat is visible in the background. Turn on. Nephew of Didda. Owing to a certain want of care, there is not a single part in Ksemendra's "List of Kings" (Nrpavali) free from mistakes, though it is the work of a poet. He tried to abduct a Nga woman, who was the wife of a Brahmin. It is a very good painting of the beyond with splendid recorded understanding. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. [18][19] A welfare-state was installed oppressive taxes were abolished, and free schools and hospitals were commissioned. He was given the title of Raja by the Mughal emperor Akbar Shah II in the year 1830 as he had gone to England as an envoy of the emperor. 2011 Duke University Press Traces of genuine history are also found, however, in references to the Mauryan emperors Ashoka and Jalauka; the Buddhist Kushan kings Hushka (Huviska), Jushka (Vajheska), and Kanishka (Kaniska); and Mihirakula, a Huna king. Download our apps to start learning, Call us and we will answer all your questions about learning on Unacademy. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Rajatharangini promises to arouse a great deal of interest among readers. Jonaraja became a Kashmiri antiquarian and Sanskrit writer. Son of Hiranyakula. Sultan Zain-Ul-Abidin of Kashmir had the famous historical work, Rajatarangini, and the Mahabharata translated into Persian. How much salary can I expect in Dublin Ireland after an MS in data analytics for a year? This king is identified by some with Huna ruler Toramana, although his successor Mihirakula is placed much earlier by Kalhana.[12]. It describes almost two centuries of the old and early middle age history of the Valley. Verse 7. Raman Menon, an erudite scholar in both Sanskrit and Malayalam during his time. Ramdas was a devotee of Hanuman and Rama. [25][26], Sikandar died in April, 1413 upon which, the eldest son 'Mir' was anointed as the Sultan having adopted the title of Ali Shah. The translators of Rajatarangini framed the text as more than a solitary example of Indian historical writing; rather, they engaged with it on multiple levels, drawing out, debating, and rethinking the definitions of literature and history and the relative significance of and relationship between them in capturing the identity of the nation and its regions. Rajatarangini, paintings of Kalhana written by a 12th ce Answer. Toromanu is clearly the Huna king of that name, but his father Mihirakula is given a date 700 years earlier. Kalhana also states that this king had adopted the doctrine of Jina, constructed stupas and Shiva temples, and appeased Bhutesha (Shiva) to obtain his son Jalauka. The Shah Mir dynasty was a dynasty that ruled the region of Kashmir in the Indian subcontinent. Kalhana says that Samdhimat Aryaraja used to spend the most delightful Kashmir summer in worshiping a lingam formed of snow/ice in the regions above the forests (II.138). May 29, 2021 04:35 pm | Updated July 06, 2022 12:26 pm IST. [19], Jonaraja and later Muslim chroniclers accuse Sikandar of terminating Kashmir's longstanding syncretic culture by persecuting Pandits and destroying numerous Hindu shrines; Suhabhat a Brahman neo-convert and Sikandar's Chief Counsel is particularly blamed for having instigated him. The Hindi translation of Pandeya Ram Tej is another well-acclaimed book. In his old age, the childless king ordered killing of Sandhimati to prevent any chance of him becoming a king. Horace Hayman Wilson partially translated the work, and wrote an essay based on it, titled The Hindu History of Kashmir (published in Asiatic Researches Volume 15). Jogesh Chandra Dutt in the late 19th century. translator of the Rajataragini. In principle, it is for three reasons, specifically, the texts regard to sequence, causation, and (affirmed) objectivity, that European Orientalist researchers who concentrated on the text from the mid-nineteenth century onwards, called the Rajatarangini the solo work of history legitimate to rise out of old India. All rights reserved. He looked up a variety of epigraphic sources relating to royal eulogies, construction of temples, and land grants; he studied coins, monumental remains, family records, and local traditions. Rajatarangini . The famous story of Nala and Damayanti was also rendered into Persian by Faizi and was . By looking at the inscriptions recording the consecretations of temples and grants by former kings, at laudatory inscriptions and at written works, the trouble arising from many errors has been overcome. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. He showed shockingly progressed specialised mastery for the time in his anxiety for offbeat sources. Kalhaa's account also states that the city of Srinagar was founded by the Mauryan emperor, Ashoka, and that Buddhism reached the Kashmir valley during this period. He delved deep into such model works as the Harsacarita and the Brihat-samhita epics and used with commendable familiarity the local rajakathas (royal chronicles) and such previous works on Kashmir as Nripavali by Kshemendra, Parthivavali by Helaraja, and Nilamatapurana. 1 Who translated Rajatarangini in Kashmiri? Raman Menons translation bears the signature of his scholarly skills, derived from mastery of both Sanskrit and Malayalam. For instance, Marcus Aurel Stein (1900) thought the way of talking and instructional pieces of the Rajatarangini that were in kvya style was essentially detached with the story legitimate, which was recorded, while Buhler arraigned the retreat to legend and fantasy as delivering the sequence of a huge piece of the message worthless and its creator suspect. Jonaraja The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. In principle, it is for three reasons, specifically, the texts regard to sequence, causation, and (affirmed) objectivity, that European Orientalist researchers who concentrated on the text from the mid-nineteenth century onwards, called the. "useRatesEcommerce": false Eventually the Karkota dynasty ended and a grandson of Utpala became king. that Shah Mir traced his descent to Arjuna, the basis of their account being Jonarajas Despite these stated principles, and despite the value that historians have placed on Kalhana's work, there is little evidence of authenticity and a few inconsistencies in the earlier chapters of his book, especially the first three books. Zain-ul-Abidin was also known as 'the Akbar of Kashmir'. His writing is full of literary devices and allusions, concealed by his unique and elegant style. It does not store any personal data. . In recent years, it has developed its strongest reputation The result is an exposure to the ineffable delights of Sanskritised Malayalam, an edifying experience in itself. Because of the rising Buddhist influence, people stopped following the Shaivite, Gonanda III founded a new dynasty. recognized as the most authoritative and prestigious publication in the By looking at the inscriptions recording the consecrations of temples and grants by former kings, at laudatory inscriptions and at written works, the trouble arising from many errors has been overcome. An astrologer prophesied that his son-in-law would succeed him as the king. He dug profound into such model functions as the Harshacharita and the Brihat-Samhita sagas and utilised with a praiseworthy commonality the neighbourhood rajakathas (regal accounts) and such past chips away at Kashmir as Nripavali by Kshemendra, Parthiva Wali by Helaraja, and Nilamatapurana. Does adding salt to water increase conductivity? Complete Answer: In 1574 Akbar began a Maktab Khana or a place of interpretation works in Fatehpur Sikri. Rajatarangini, Telugu translation by Renduchintala Lakshmi Narasimha Sastry, This page was last edited on 14 November 2022, at 18:27. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. The real power lay in the hands of a noble named Gargachandra. The author Kalhana was a son of a minister of Harsha of this family. Owing to a certain want of care, there is not a single part in Ksemendra's "List of Kings" (Nrpavali) free from mistakes, though it is the work of a poet. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBalochRafiq1998 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFSchimmel1980 (, Last edited on 23 February 2023, at 23:00, Baharistan-i-Shahi Chapter 3 EARLY SHAHMIRS, "Buddhism and Islam in Kashmir as Represented by Rjataragi Authors", "This book claims to expose the myths behind Kashmir's history. The author of the Rajatarangini history chronicles the rulers of the valley from earliest times, from the epic period of the Mahbhrata to the reign of Sangrama Deva (c.1006 CE), before the Muslim era. Book I attempts to weave imaginary tales of Kashmir kings into epic legends. In the first Taranga (book) of Rajatarangini, Kalhana expresses his dissatisfaction with the earlier historical books, and presents his own views on how history ought to be written:[4]. [citation needed]. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". Researchers who showed up at this portrayal of the Rajatarangini as the first work of history, the last referenced drawing out the basic release of the Rajatarangini and its full English interpretation, which is perused right up til the present time. He subdued several enemies. The Mahabharata and Kalhana's Rajatarangini were translated into Persian by his order. Like other translations of the work, it is in prose. Sandhimati remained in prison for 10years. [6], (Note the confusion of dates in this and the following sections. He endorsed the work to a few officials to make translations of the Sanskrit books Rajatarangini, Ramayana and Mahabharata into the Persian language. Zain ul Abidin, a 15th century ruler of Kashmir, appointed scribes to translate the Mahabharata and Kalhana's Rajatarangini into Persian with the aim that these translations would give an insight into Hindu philosophy and culture to the rest of the world. If you do not have an account please register and login to post comments. Verse 11. Rajatarangini, (Sanskrit: River of Kings) historical chronicle of early India, written in Sanskrit verse by the Kashmiri Brahman Kalhana in 1148, that is justifiably considered to be the best and most authentic work of its kind. Utkarsha was imprisoned and committed suicide. Rajatarangini was translated into Persian by Zain-ul-Abidin order. Abstract. It exposes its own biases instead", "Review of Kingship in Kamr (AD11481459). It is a very good painting of the beyond with splendid recorded understanding. Called "the blind" because of his small eyes. How long is MOT certificate normally valid? Son of Ajitapida. We have migrated to a new commenting platform. Gopikrishna Shastri (Ujjain) also translated the work into. Cite earlier authors: The oldest extensive works containing the royal chronicles [of Kashmir] have become fragmentary in consequence of [the appearance of] Suvrata's composition, who condensed them in order that (their substance) might be easily remembered. What was the name of Persian translation of Rajatarangini? The Mahabharata, Ramayana, Atharva Veda, Lilawati, Rajatarangini was translated into Persian. What literary period is the beat generation aligned with? It was written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri historian Kalhana in the 12th century CE. Verse 7. Who was the last king of Gonanda dynasty? It covers the whole range of history in the Kashmir district from the earliest times to the date of its synthesis. Running into almost 8000 stanzas that are inconsistently disseminated among eight books or areas, the Kalhana Rajatarangini is a record of the illustrious administrations that administered the realm of Kashmir from its putative starting points to the writers own time. Check ' ' translations into Persian. Rajatarangini belongs. Built a great city called Srinagara (near but not same as the modern-day. Nevertheless, multiple scholars identify Kalhana's Ashoka with the Mauryan emperor Ashoka. It was translated into Persian by the orders of the later Muslim ruler Zain-ul-Abidin. Son of Lalitapida and Jayadevi, made the king by his maternal uncle Utpalaka. [4] It has also been suggested that he belonged to a family which accompanied the sage Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani, and who were associated to either the Kubrawiya Sufi groups in Kashmir. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. For 56 years, The Journal of Asian Studies has been Its heyday was the 13th and 14th centuries, broadly the period straddling the phase of Sanskrit literature to which Duke University Press publishes approximately one hundred books per year and They cannot be abusive or personal. Sanskrit works on medicine and music were also translated into Persian at his instance. The Rajatarangini (in a real sense, River of Kings) is an awe-inspiring sonnet (mahakavya/prabandha) created in the old style language, Sanskrit, in 114850 in Kashmir (part of the advanced territory of Jammu and Kashmir, India).Kalhana is said to have been the child of a previous clergyman by the name of Cempaka in the court of a Kashmiri ruler, Harsha. Youngest son of Vajradjtya II. Son of Vajraditya II and Mangjarika. [5] Some of the kings and dynasties can be identified with inscriptions and the histories of the empires that periodically included the Kashmir valley, but for long periods the Rajatarangini is the only source. thirty journals, primarily in the humanities and social sciences, though it It was written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri historian Kalhana in the 12th century CE. This quarterly has been published regularly since Son of Durlabhaka and Shrinarendraprabha. [31] Arriving in Kashmir, Haidar installed as sultan the head of the Sayyid faction, Nazuk. Notes in parentheses refer to a book ("Taranga") and verse. Raja Ram Mohan Roy, a social and educational reformer, was an idealist who contributed immensely in eradicating social evils prevalent in the society during the 18th century.He was popularly known as "Father of Modern India". His writing is full of literary devices and allusions, concealed by his unique and elegant style. Sample translated sentence: Heill on sen thden puhdas asema Jehovan edess. His Dvity Rjataragin can be a continuation of Kalhanas Rjataragin and brings the annal of the rulers of Kashmir proper right down to the hour of the creators supporter Zain-ul-Abidin. Fairness: That noble-minded author is alone worthy of praise whose word, like that of a judge, keeps free from love or hatred in relating the facts of the past. elsewhere. He was also called the Lalitaditya of Medieval Kashmir as he erected many mosques and monasteries. Like the Shahnameh is to Persia, the Rajatarangini is to Kashmir. Eleven works of former scholars containing the chronicles of the kings, I have inspected, as well as the [Purana containing the] opinions of the sage Nila. The minister was persecuted, and ultimately imprisoned because of rumors that he would succeed the king. The Loharas ruled for many generations. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. Rajatarangini, which consists of 7,826 verses, is divided into eight books. Among the renowned translations of the work in later years were those by Aurel Stein in 1900 and by Ranjit S. Pandit in 1935, the latter with a Foreword by Jawaharlal Nehru. Usurped the throne, claiming to be a descendant of Yashaskara. This page was last modified on 1 January 2016, at 03:52. ), Translations of Sanskrit Works at Akbar's Court, Politics of Time: Primitives and History-Writing in a Colonial Society, Buddhist History in the Vernacular: The Power of the Past in Late Medieval Sri Lanka, Travels in the Mogul Empire, A.D. 16561668, Ideology and Status of Sanskrit: Contributions to the History of the Sanskrit Language, Detailed Report of a Tour in Search of Sanskrit MSS. for primarily professional audiences (e.g., in law or medicine). Copyright 2023, THG PUBLISHING PVT LTD. or its affiliated companies. He looked into an assortment of epigraphic sources connecting with illustrious tributes, development of sanctuaries, and land awards; he concentrated on coins, fantastic remaining parts, family records, and nearby practices. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. What is the best compliment to give to a girl? Kalhaa's account of Kashmir begins with the legendary reign of Gonarda, who was contemporary to Yudhishthira of the Mahbhrata, but the recorded history of Kashmir, as retold by Kalhaa begins from the period of the Mauryas. It was written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri historian Kalhana in the 12th century CE. In the Karkota family, Lalitapida had a concubine, a daughter of a Kalyapala (IV.678). There are several discrepancies between the Ashoka mentioned in Kalhana's account and the Mauryan emperor Ashoka. It was written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri historian Kalhana in the 12th century CE. Thus (IV.678) is Book IV verse 678. Established the city of. Younger brother of Chandrapida and Tarapida. It was written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri historian Kalhana in the 12th century CE. The most glorious period of the Lodi Dynasty was the ruling period of Sikander Lodi. Kalhana wrote it was brilliantly prepared for the work. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. This refers to the fact that the power had passed to the brothers of a queen, who was born in a family of spirit-distillers. ): "This [king], who did not speak the language of the gods but used vulgar speech fit for drunkards, showed that he was descended from a family of spirit-distillers". To avoid this outcome, the king married his daughter Anangalekha to Durlabhavardhana, a handsome but non-royal man from Ashvaghama. Sanskrit is a Indo-Aryan part of the Indo-European dialects. Who translated Mahabharata and Rajatarangini into Persian? Deposed his half-brother to become the king, but died after a week. He was known for his religious tolerance. [14], Shah Mir worked to establish Islam in Kashmir and was aided by his descendant rulers, specially Sikandar Butshikan. Learn about the life of Vallabhacharya, a great saint and philosopher. Rjatarangi (Rjataragi "The River of Kings") is a metrical historical chronicle of north-western Indian subcontinent, particularly the kings of Kashmir, written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri Brahman Kalhana in 12th century CE.[1]. In our own time, the Kashmiri Sanskrit scholar and former diplomat A.N.D. Kalhana himself, notwithstanding, doesnt appear to have worked for any ruler. [7] Romila Thapar equates Jalauka to Kunala, stating that "Jalauka" is an erroneous spelling caused by a typographical error in Brahmi script. Notes: Rajatarangini is a metrical legendary and historical chronicle of the north-western Indian subcontinent, particularly the kings of Kashmir. She was pregnant at the time of her husband's death, and Krishna helped her ascend the throne. [dubious discuss] In fact, his translator Aurel Stein expressed the view that his was the only true Sanskrit history. [3] The work consists of 7826 verses, which are divided between eight books called tarangas ("waves"). According to D. C. Sircar, Kalhana has confused the legendary Vikramaditya of Ujjain with the Vardhana Emperor Harsha (c. 606-47 CE). It joins a long catalogue of such translations from Sanskrit beginning with that of Kautilyas He was the ruler of Kashmir and the founder of the Shah Mir dynasty. field of Asian Studies. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. [Studia Indologica Universitatis Halensis 7], SlajeWalter", "The COININDIA Coin Galleries: Sultans of Kashmir", Baharistan-i-Shahi: A Chronicle of Mediaeval Kashmir, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shah_Mir_dynasty&oldid=1141211558, Tomb of the Mother of Zain-ul-Abidin in Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, This page was last edited on 23 February 2023, at 23:00. Son of Parvagupta and husband of Didda (a member of the. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. epic poem The Rajataringini provides the earliest source on Kashmir that can be labeled as a "historical" text on this region. It is a Sanskrit file of the diverse look of Islam. He dug profound into such model functions as the Harshacharita and the Brihat-Samhita sagas and utilised with a praiseworthy commonality the neighbourhood rajakathas (regal accounts) and such past chips away at Kashmir as Nripavali by Kshemendra, Parthiva Wali by Helaraja, and Nilamatapurana. Unacademy is Indias largest online learning platform. Kalhana () (c. 12th century CE), a Kashmiri Brahmin, was the author of Rajatarangini, and is regarded as Kashmir's first historian. After a young son of Yashaskara, Pravaragupta, a Divira (clerk), became king. Eleven works of former scholars containing the chronicles of the kings, I have inspected, as well as the [Purana containing the] opinions of the sage Nila. Notes in parentheses refer to a book ("Taranga") and verse. Uchchala's step-brother; became the king after Radda's death. The kings of Kashmir described in the Rjatarangi can be roughly grouped into dynasties as in the table below. It covers the whole range of history in the Kashmir district from the earliest times to its synthesis. Owing to the pervasive distraction of COVID-19, Malayalam readers may have missed a notable event: the first translation into their language of a 12th century Sanskrit classic, Belonged to a different family from Lava's dynasty (I.95), Known for constructing a canal named Suvarnamani, Great-grandson of Shakuni and son of Shachinara's first cousin.